Upgrading Biocrude of Grindelia Squarrosa to Jet Fuel Precursors by Aqueous Phase Hydrodeoxygenation

Abstract

Bio‐jet fuel is increasingly attracting attention in attempts to reduce the environmental impacts of aviation fuels. Feedstocks like camelina, jatropha and algae have been extensively studied, and exhibit fair performance in producing low‐density hydrocarbon biofuels, mainly from triglyceride lipids. Grindelia squarrosa is a promising feedstock since the primary diterpenoid, grindelic acid with the branched tricyclic structure, is the major component in its biocrude. Herein, a heterogeneous bi‐functional catalyst, palladium with the reductive properties supported on tungstate zirconia with acidic properties and good stability in hydrothermal media, was used for the conversion of Grindelia squarrosa biocrude to potential bio‐jet fuels. Different solid acid catalyst supports and a variety of reaction conditions, such as temperature, catalyst loading, hydrogen pressure, and reaction time, were systematically investigated. At the optimum conditions, the oxygen content deceased from 18.1 % in the Grindelia squarrosa biocrude feedstock to 5.6 % in the final product, and is ready for further industrial treatment. The upgrading method utilized in this work can produce jet fuel precursors for synthesizing high‐density cyclic hydrocarbons.

Production of Renewable Hydrocarbon Biofuels with Lignocellulose and Its Derivatives over Heterogeneous Catalysts

“…Polycycloalkanes could also be prepared by the direct HDO of Grindelia squarrosa biocrude with a polycyclic structure , (Figure e). The hydrogenation of Grindelia squarrosa biocrude with Pd/W-ZrO 2 bifunctional catalyst can reduce its oxygen content from 18.1% to 5.6%.…”

“…Polycycloalkanes could also be prepared by the direct HDO of Grindelia squarrosa biocrude with a polycyclic structure , (Figure e). The hydrogenation of Grindelia squarrosa biocrude with Pd/W-ZrO 2 bifunctional catalyst can reduce its oxygen content from 18.1% to 5.6%. Multistep tandem reactions were completed in one pot by a biphasic system, including decarboxylation, cyclic ether ring opening, dehydration, and hydrogenation reactions.…”

Production of High-Density Renewable Aviation Fuel from Arid Land Crop

“…55 In our previous study, an aqueous-phase catalytic process was developed for the synthesis of bio-jet-fuels from the extracted biocrude of Grindelia squarrosa. 56 With a bifunctional catalyst, Pd/W-ZrO 2 , about two-thirds of the oxygen was successfully removed from the biocrude through hydrodeoxygenation and decarboxylation. However, the remaining third of the oxygen in either cyclic ether or ketone groups could not be removed under the tested reaction conditions.…”