Upper-airway inflammation in relation to dust spiked with aldehydes or glucan

Bønløkke, Jakob Hjort; Stridh, Göran; Sigsgaard, Torben; Kjærgaard, Søren K.; Löfstedt, Håkan; Andersson, Kjell; Bonefeld-Jörgensen, Eva Cecilie; Jayatissa, Magdalena Niepsuj; Bodin, Lennart; Juto, Jan-Erik; Mølhave, Lars

doi:10.5271/sjweh.1033

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…When we consulted the literature, we found that the factors that describe the TIP in the granulocyte assay are all known to exert adverse effects in relation to occupational health. Previously, ␤-glucan has been used as an indicator of fungal exposure, but studies have also shown that it can elicit respiratory inflammation (3,24,28,30), and it has a definite proinflammatory potential in monocytes (27). These observations are in accordance with the data presented here that bioaerosol samples containing (133)-␤-D-glucan activate granulocyte-like HL-60 cells and that (133)-␤-D-glucan is a determinative factor in our explanatory model for the resulting ROS production from the cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay

Timm

Madsen

Hansen

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Occupational health symptoms related to bioaerosol exposure have been observed in a variety of working environments. Bioaerosols contain microorganisms and microbial components. The aim of this study was to estimate the total inflammatory potential (TIP) of bioaerosols using an in vitro assay based on granulocyte-like cells. A total of 129 bioaerosol samples were collected in the breathing zone of workers during their daily working routine at 22 biofuel plants. The samples were analyzed by traditional assays for dust, endotoxin, fungal spores, (133)-␤-D-glucan, total number of bacteria, the enzyme N-acetyl-␤-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase; primarily originating from fungi), Aspergillus fumigatus, and mesophilic and thermophilic actinomycetes; the samples were also assayed for TIP. In a multilinear regression four factors were significant for the TIP values obtained: endotoxin (P < 0.0001), fungal spores (P < 0.0001), (133)-␤-D-glucan (P ‫؍‬ 0.0005), and mesophilic actinomycetes (P ‫؍‬ 0.0063). Using this model to estimate TIP values on the basis of microbial composition, the correlation to the measured values was r ‫؍‬ 0.91. When TIP values obtained in the granulocyte assay were related to the primary working area, we found that bioaerosol samples from personnel working in straw storage facilities showed high TIP values (Ϸ50 times the TIP of unstimulated controls). In contrast, bioaerosol samples from personnel with work functions in offices or laboratories showed low TIP values (Ϸ5 times the TIP of the unstimulated control). This indicates, as expected, that these areas were less contaminated. In conclusion, the granulocyte assay reacts to multiple contaminants in the environmental samples and can be used to obtain a measurement of TIP. Therefore, potential occupational health effects related to inflammation of the airways in a working environment can be estimated using this assay.For several years reports have related increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms to the exposure to bioaerosols containing, e.g., organic dust particles, actinomycetes, endotoxin, and fungal spores. Occupational health effects of bioaerosols have been reported in swine confinement houses and poultry farms as well as during hay handling. Airway diseases are frequent occupational disorders among farmers in many countries around the world (19,23). During mechanical handling, biofuels such as straw and wood chips release high amounts of various microbial components such as, e.g., actinomycetes, fungal spores, and endotoxin (11,25). Studies of personnel exposure to bioaerosols at biofuel plants reveal high concentrations of different microbial components and exposure levels higher than the suggested occupational exposure limits (10).Exposure limits or suggested exposure limits are usually based on studies where traditional microbial quantification methods have been applied and are normally related to the concentration of a single contaminant (e.g., endotoxin) (17) or to gravimetric measures of dust. Furthermore, it is recognized that exposur...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay

Timm

Madsen

Hansen

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The component b-glucan is used as an indicator of fungal exposure (Chew et al 2001) or fungal infection (Odabasi et al 2004) and to identify homes with mould problems (Foto et al 2005). Studies have also shown that b-glucan can elicit respiratory inflammation (Thorn et al 2001;Bonlokke et al 2006;Rylander 1999;Sigsgaard et al 2000). A study including 129 persons has shown a relation between exposure to airborne b-glucan in homes (75 houses) and increased prevalence of atopy and a decrease in FEV 1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) (Thorn and Rylander 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

(1 → 3)-β-d-glucan in different background environments and seasons

et al. 2010

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This study was undertaken to investigate how the length of the extraction period influences the (1 ? 3)-b-D-glucan (b-glucan) yield and also to examine the background concentration of b-glucan as airborne b-glucan in outdoor environments in different seasons and as concentrations in airborne and floor dust in offices. To ensure compatibility between results obtained in different laboratories, it is important to use optimal and standardised methods to extract and quantify b-glucan. In this study, an extraction period of 60 min gave the highest b-glucan yield. The median concentration of b-glucan in 44 floor dust samples was 597 lg g -1 dust. The median concentration of airborne b-glucan in offices was 5.1 ng m -3 in the summer and 2.3 ng m -3 in the winter, and the outdoor median concentration in towns was 6.8 ng m -3 . The outdoor airborne concentration of b-glucan was significantly lower in January, November and December than during the rest of year. In July, the median airborne concentration of b-glucan was 14 times higher than in January. Furthermore, the airborne concentration of b-glucan was significantly higher in July than in March, April, May, September and October. In the summertime, we found that the indoor airborne concentration of b-glucan was lower than outdoor concentrations. This is in accordance with measurements of concentrations of airborne pollen and culturable fungal spores showing higher outdoor than indoor concentrations during the summer months.

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“…As a component of fungal cell walls, b-glucan has been used as an indicator of fungal exposure, and studies have shown that it can elicit respiratory inflammation (Bonlokke et al 2006;Iossifova et al 2007;Rylander 1999;Sigsgaard et al 2000; Thorn et al 2001). Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (Spaan et al 2008), which have been found to cause toxic reactions such as organic dust toxic syndrome and are also associated with acute and chronic impairment of lung function (Bünger et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, hyphal fragments, and pollen in a field of organically grown strawberries

Tendal

Madsen

2010

Aerobiologia

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Many working environments are predisposed for larger than average amounts of fungi and other microorganisms often due to organic material being handled. From 2003 to 2007, the area used for strawberry production in Denmark increased by 62%. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of exposure to microorganisms, endotoxin, (1?3)-b-D-glucan (b-glucan), and pollen in a field of strawberries. The study was carried out in eastern Denmark from the middle of June to the beginning of August 2008. The strawberries were grown organically, and microbiological pest control agents (MPCAs) were applied during this and former growth seasons. In order to measure exposure to inhalable bioaerosol components, we used stationary filter samplers. Bioaerosol sampling was performed during 4 working days, and a total of 57 samplings were performed. The filters were analysed for contents of fungi, MPCAs, endotoxin, b-glucan, and pollen. The mean exposure was 6,154 CFU Cladosporium sp. m -3 , 1.0 9 10 5 fungal spores m -3 , 4.1 9 10 4 hyphal fragments m -3 , 5.8 9 10 3 pollen m -3 , 57.3 ng b-glucan m -3 , and 8.9 endotoxin units (EU) m -3 . A significant and positive correlation was found between b-glucan and fungal spores and between CFU of Cladosporium sp. and CFU of fungi. We selected specifically for Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, and the applied MPCAs Trichoderma harzianum, T. polysporum, and Bacillus thuringiensis but found none of these species. In conclusion, our study shows that berry pickers in this organic strawberry field were potentially subjected to higher levels of fungal spores, Cladosporium sp., hyphal fragments, pollen, and thus also b-glucan than is usually seen in outdoor air. Exposure to MPCAs was not seen. The exposure to endotoxin was only slightly higher than e.g. in a town.

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Upper-airway inflammation in relation to dust spiked with aldehydes or glucan

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay

Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay

(1 → 3)-β-d-glucan in different background environments and seasons

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, hyphal fragments, and pollen in a field of organically grown strawberries

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