Upper-Level Structure of Oklahoma Tornadic Storms on 2 May 1979. I: Radar and Satellite Observations

Heymsfield, Gerald M.; Blackmer, Roy H.; Schotz, Steven

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1740:ulsoot>2.0.co;2

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…1 features an AACP BT about 18 K warmer than the OT minimum BT in pixels directly adjacent to the OT (yellow pixels). Heymsfield et al (1983) that warming adjacent to the OT was generated by subsidence along the descending branch of a breaking gravity wave, which he called the ''close-in warm area,'' a signature also evident in Figs. 4g and 4h.…”

Section: A Aacp Characteristics and Temporal Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Above-Anvil Cirrus Plume: An Important Severe Weather Indicator in Visible and Infrared Satellite Imagery

Bedka

Murillo

Homeyer

et al. 2018

Weather and Forecasting

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Intense tropopause-penetrating updrafts and gravity wave breaking generate cirrus plumes that reside above the primary anvil. These “above anvil cirrus plumes” (AACPs) exhibit unique temperature and reflectance patterns in satellite imagery, best recognized within 1-min “super rapid scan” observations. AACPs are often evident during severe weather outbreaks and, due to their importance, have been studied for 35+ years. Despite this research, there is uncertainty regarding why some storms produce AACPs but other nearby storms do not, exactly how severe are storms with AACPs, and how AACP identification can assist with severe weather warning. These uncertainties are addressed through analysis of severe weather reports, NOAA/National Weather Service (NWS) severe weather warnings, metrics of updraft cloud height, intensity, and rotation derived from Doppler radars, as well as ground-based total lightning observations for 4583 storms observed by GOES super rapid scanning, 405 of which produced an AACP. Datasets are accumulated throughout storm lifetimes through radar object tracking. It is found that 1) AACP storms generated 14 times the number of reports per storm compared to non-AACP storms; 2) AACPs appeared, on average, 31 min in advance of severe weather; 3) 73% of significant severe weather reports were produced by AACP storms; 4) AACP recognition can provide comparable warning lead time to that provided by a forecaster; and 5) the presence of an AACP can increase forecaster confidence that large hail will occur. Given that AACPs occur throughout the world, and most of the world is not observed by Doppler radar, AACP-based severe storm identification and warning would be extremely helpful for protecting lives and property.

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Section: A Aacp Characteristics and Temporal Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Above-Anvil Cirrus Plume: An Important Severe Weather Indicator in Visible and Infrared Satellite Imagery

Bedka

Murillo

Homeyer

et al. 2018

Weather and Forecasting

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“…They have also demonstrated that, on average, the maximum area expansion occurs close to the time of maximum precipitation intensity. There is a long record of investigations connecting satellite-based cloudtop features with storm severity [e.g., Adler and Fenn (1979a,b), Reynolds (1980), and Heymsfield et al (1983), among many others]. In essence, very cold cloud-top temperatures in the convective cores and several cloudtop morphological features as well as enhanced growth rates in terms of CTC and anvil expansion rate have been identified as discriminating factors for storm severity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite-Based Characterization of Convective Growth and Glaciation and Its Relationship to Precipitation Formation over Central Europe

Senf

Deneke

2017

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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The growth phase of convective storms and their transition to maturity is investigated based on more than 100 cases selected from the years 2012–14 over central Europe. Dynamical growth properties as well as cloud-top glaciation and microphysical characteristics are derived from the SEVIRI imaging radiometer aboard the geostationary Meteosat satellites. In addition, onset and intensity of surface precipitation are related to growth and glaciation processes using observations from the radar network of the German Weather Service. The majority of analyzed cases shows a distinct maximum in cloud-top cooling rate, which is used here for temporal synchronization. Cloud growth spans a period of approximately half an hour. Glaciation rate indicators suggest that freezing 15 min prior to the maximum cooling plays an important role in invigorating convective updrafts through the release of latent heat. Smaller ice particles are found for larger cloud-top cooling, which provides observational evidence that ice particles form later and have less time to grow in stronger convective updrafts. Furthermore, maximum cloud-top height, anvil expansion rate, maximum precipitation intensity, and core size are found to be positively correlated. With respect to the onset of precipitation, this analysis shows a high probability that significant precipitation already occurs 30 min prior to maximum cloud-top cooling.

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“…The V-shaped results from advection by the strong winds near the tropopause. A warmer ''wake'' is seen downstream (McCann 1983;Negri 1982;Heymsfield et al 1983;Heymsfield and Blackmer 1988;Adler et al 1983). The enhanced-V indicates a very strong updraft, and therefore a higher potential for severe weather.…”

Section: Convectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellites See the World’s Atmosphere

Ackerman

Platnick

Bhartia

et al. 2019

Meteorological Monographs

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Satellite meteorology is a relatively new branch of the atmospheric sciences. The field emerged in the late 1950s during the Cold War and built on the advances in rocketry after World War II. In less than 70 years, satellite observations have transformed the way scientists observe and study Earth. This paper discusses some of the key advances in our understanding of the energy and water cycles, weather forecasting, and atmospheric composition enabled by satellite observations. While progress truly has been an international achievement, in accord with a monograph observing the centennial of the American Meteorological Society, as well as limited space, the emphasis of this chapter is on the U.S. satellite effort.

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Upper-Level Structure of Oklahoma Tornadic Storms on 2 May 1979. I: Radar and Satellite Observations

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

The Above-Anvil Cirrus Plume: An Important Severe Weather Indicator in Visible and Infrared Satellite Imagery

The Above-Anvil Cirrus Plume: An Important Severe Weather Indicator in Visible and Infrared Satellite Imagery

Satellite-Based Characterization of Convective Growth and Glaciation and Its Relationship to Precipitation Formation over Central Europe

Satellites See the World’s Atmosphere

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