Upper levels of nutrients in infant formulas: Comparison of analytical data with the revised Codex infant formula standard

MacLean, William C.; Dael, Peter Van; Clemens, Roger; Davies, Jayne C.; Underwood, Elaine; O’Risky, Linda; Rooney, Deborah M.; Schrijver, J.

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2009.07.008

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…25 Furthermore, as iron fortification levels show considerable global variation, the Codex Alimentarius Commission has not set a guideline upper level for iron, in contrast to most other nutrients in formula. 26 Risks of iron fortification Studies published in the past 15 years have confirmed the safety of iron supplementation during infancy. 27 The reported developmental and nutritional benefits are modest, however, 28,29 except in infants with marginally low birth weights, in whom iron supplementation prevents anaemia.…”

Section: The Rise Of Infant Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Is early-life iron exposure critical in neurodegeneration?

et al. 2015

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The effects of iron deficiency are well documented, but relatively little is known about the long-term implications of iron overload during development. High levels of redox-active iron in the brain have been associated with neurodegenerative disorders, most notably Parkinson disease, yet a gradual increase in brain iron seems to be a feature of normal ageing. Increased brain iron levels might result from intake of infant formula that is excessively fortified with iron, thereby altering the trajectory of brain iron uptake and amplifying the risk of iron-associated neurodegeneration in later life. In this Perspectives article, we discuss the potential long-term implications of excessive iron intake in early life, propose the analysis of iron deposits in teeth as a method for retrospective determination of iron exposure during critical developmental windows, and call for evidence-based optimization of the chemical composition of infant dietary supplements.

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Section: The Rise Of Infant Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Is early-life iron exposure critical in neurodegeneration?

et al. 2015

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“…According to the Italian and international laws [2] and GMP requirements, powdered milk formulas are obtained by deep modification of cow milk, with the final aim of simulating breast milk as much as possible [3,4,5]. In particular, they are supplemented during the manufacturing process with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as linoleic (LA 18:2n-6), α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3), arachidonic (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) [6], as they are considered important for the proper neural and cognitive development of newborns, in general, and premature babies, specifically [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all of these reasons, it is of primary importance to manufacture infant formulas using mild technological processes, low temperature, appropriate packaging and a modified nitrogen atmosphere, in order to protect these products from oxidative decomposition. In fact, infant milk formulas are particularly prone to autoxidation, because of their chemical composition, as they are made of 33% fats and are very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids [3]. Therefore, the high temperatures required by some steps of the manufacturing process, such as spray-drying, may catalyze the autoxidation process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Milk Formulas: Effect of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Powdered Products towards Autoxidation

Cesa

Casadei

Cerreto

et al. 2015

Foods

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Thirty samples of powdered infant milk formulas containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been stored at four different temperatures (20, 28, 40 and 55 °C) and periodically monitored for their malondialdehyde (MDA) content up to one year. MDA levels ranged between 250 and 350 ng/kg in sealed samples with a maximum of 566 ng/kg in samples stored at 28 °C for three weeks after opening of their original packages, previously maintained for ten months at 20 °C. Sample stored at 40° and 55 °C were also submitted to CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) colorimetric analysis, since color is the first sensorial property that consumers may evaluate. Overall, the results demonstrated a good stability of PUFA-enriched infant milk formulas in terms of MDA content. However, some care has to be paid when these products are not promptly consumed and stored for a long time after first opening.

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“…Other studies have shown that it is not uncommon that fortified foods contain higher amounts of micronutrients than declared on the package [32, 33]. This so-called overage is applied to ensure adequate levels of the nutrient at the end of the shelf life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D intake of Dutch infants from the combination of (fortified) foods, infant formula, and dietary supplements

et al. 2015

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PurposeDue to changes in the Dutch fortification policy for vitamin D and the vitamin D supplementation advice for infants (10-μg/d for 0–4 year olds), a partially virtual scenario study was conducted to evaluate the risk of excessive vitamin D intake assigning all infants to a 100 % adherence to the supplementation advice and considering the current fortification practice.MethodsFood consumption data from the Nutrition Intake Study (2002; N = 941, 7–19 months) were combined with Dutch food composition data from 2011 to estimate vitamin D intake from (fortified) foods. For infants 0–6 months of age, the consumption volume infant formula was estimated from energy requirement and body weight. All subjects were assigned to take a daily 10 µg vitamin D supplement, according the Dutch supplementation advice for infants. Habitual vitamin D intake was estimated using the Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure and compared with the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) set by the European Food Safety Authority.ResultsThe median habitual total vitamin D intake was 16–22 µg/day for infants aged 0–6 months (increasing with age) and 13–21 µg/day for infants aged 7–19 months (decreasing with age). About 4–12 % of infants aged 7–11 months exceeded the UL. At the 99th percentile, the intake was 2–4 µg above the UL, depending on age. Infants aged 0–6 and 12–19 months did not exceed the UL.ConclusionsIn case of combined intake from infant formula, (fortified) foods, and supplements, vitamin D intakes above the UL are possible among some infants during a limited time period.

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Upper levels of nutrients in infant formulas: Comparison of analytical data with the revised Codex infant formula standard

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Is early-life iron exposure critical in neurodegeneration?

Is early-life iron exposure critical in neurodegeneration?

Infant Milk Formulas: Effect of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Powdered Products towards Autoxidation

Vitamin D intake of Dutch infants from the combination of (fortified) foods, infant formula, and dietary supplements

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