Upper ocean response to a hurricane

Price, James F.

doi:10.1575/1912/10271

Cited by 326 publications

(698 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…On the right‐hand side, term (a) is the total advection, terms (b) and (c) the horizontal diffusion terms and (d) the vertical diffusion. Horizontal diffusion is usually neglected because of its small order of magnitude (Price, ; Liu and Wei, ). For illustration, only the cases for the 20 m MLD are shown.…”

Section: Ocean Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the asymmetric SST cooling along the TC track (Price, ; Shay et al , ; Bender et al , ) induced by the strong winds of a TC can significantly reduce its intensity (Emanuel, ; Chan et al , ). The cold ‘wake’ may cover a region of hundreds of kilometres adjacent to the TC track and its magnitude has been found to vary from 1 °C to around 9 °C (Price, ; Shay et al , ; Lin et al , ). SST reduction also occurs near the eyewall, which is smaller than that in the wake but may effectively impact TC intensity (Cione and Uhlhorn, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in tropical cyclone intensity with translation speed and mixed‐layer depth: idealized WRF‐ROMS coupled model simulations

Zhao

Chan

2016

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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In this study, two components of a coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport modelling system, the atmosphere model Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) and the ocean model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), are used to investigate the relationships between tropical cyclone (TC) intensity changes and ocean mixed-layer depth (MLD) as well as translation speed through a series of idealized experiments. The coupled WRF-ROMS model can well simulate TC intensity changes and sea-surface temperature (SST) cooling induced by the TCs under different ocean MLD and background flow conditions. Surface enthalpy flux is reduced due to the SST decrease, which subsequently inhibits TC development. A smaller MLD and a slower speed produce a more symmetric cold wake under the TC inner core, which can effectively weaken the TC. The SST has a nonlinear decrease with increasing translation speed under the same MLD condition. A heat budget analysis supports that upwelling plays a more important role in changing the temperature within the upper ocean when the TC moves slowly (e.g. 1 m s −1 ). However, upwelling only dominates the subsurface temperature changes when the translation speed increases so that a smaller SST cooling occurs. A translation speed of 3 m s −1 is found to be the optimal speed for TC development when the MLD is thick enough (50 and 100 m in this study). A larger basic flow (>3 m s −1 ) produces a stronger asymmetry in the vertical velocity and results in a weaker secondary circulation, and hence inhibits TC intensification. For a shallow MLD of 20 m, a 5 m s −1 translation speed can mitigate more cooling effect and make it more favourable for TC maintenance. This result suggests the competing effects of atmospheric and oceanic conditions in determining TC intensity.

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Section: Ocean Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in tropical cyclone intensity with translation speed and mixed‐layer depth: idealized WRF‐ROMS coupled model simulations

Zhao

Chan

2016

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…During typhoon passage, the most obvious response of the ocean is the significant reduction in sea surface temperature (SST) [6], named sea surface cooling (SSC). The observed drop in SST could vary tremendously from about 2 °C [7] to even 11 °C [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Major Typhoons on Sea Surface Environment in the Northwestern Pacific Derived from Satellite Remote Sensing

Song¹,

Guo²,

Duan³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Studying the interaction between the upper ocean and the typhoons is crucial to improve our understanding of heat and momentum exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. In recent years, the upper ocean responses to typhoons have received considerable attention. The sea surface cooling (SSC) process has been repeatedly discussed. In the present work, case studies were examined on five strong and super typhoons that occurred in 2016-LionRock, 1610; Meranti, 1614; Malakas, 1616; Megi, 1617; and Chaba 1618-to search for more evidence and new features of typhoon's impact on the sea surface environment. The typhoon monitoring data from the Central Meteorological Observatory, the sea surface temperature (SST) data from satellite microwave and infrared remote sensing, and the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data from satellite altimeters were used to analyze in detail: the SSC features caused by typhoons, the relationship between the SSC and the typhoon travelling speed, and the variations in cold and warm eddies during typhoon passage. Results showed that: (1) SSC generally occurred during typhoon passage and the degree of SSC was always determined by the strength and the travelling speed of the typhoon, as well as the initial SST. (2) One day before or on the day of typhoon passage, the SSHA slightly increased due to low surface pressure. After the typhoon passed, the SSHA obviously decreased along with the SSC. The pre-existing positive SSHAs, which always represent warm eddies, decreased or disappeared during typhoon passage, whereas negative SSHAs or cold eddies were enhanced. (3) New cold eddies were generated, especially at the turning points of the typhoon path. The presence of warm eddies is suggested to have a strengthening effect on the typhoons.

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“…TC cold wakes are primarily a result of wind‐induced upwelling and vertical mixing of cooler subsurface water beneath the TC (Price, ; Lin et al , ; Mei and Pasquero, ). Generally, it takes 1–2 weeks for the TC‐induced cooling to rebound and 4–6 weeks to fully regain its climatological values (Hart et al , ; Dare and McBride, ), depending on the ocean state such as a shallow mixed layer depth (Jacob and Shay, ; Vincent et al , ) and the translational speed of the TC (Emanuel, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in tropical cyclone activity offset the ocean surface warming in northwest Pacific: 1981–2014

Chang

Wang

Hsu

2016

Atmospheric Science Letters

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Tropical cyclones (TCs) leave a cold wake in the sea surface temperature (SST). In the northwest Pacific, TC activity and SST have both increased since the 1980s, but the extent to which ocean surface warming is affected by the changing TC activity is unknown. Analysis of the 1981-2014 period indicates that the intensified effect of TC cold wakes has offset the SST warming trend by 37% during the typhoon season, implying that the observed SST warming might be underestimated. This factor could affect long-term climate simulations that are forced with prescribed SST.

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Upper ocean response to a hurricane

Cited by 326 publications

References 11 publications

Changes in tropical cyclone intensity with translation speed and mixed‐layer depth: idealized WRF‐ROMS coupled model simulations

Changes in tropical cyclone intensity with translation speed and mixed‐layer depth: idealized WRF‐ROMS coupled model simulations

Impact of Major Typhoons on Sea Surface Environment in the Northwestern Pacific Derived from Satellite Remote Sensing

Changes in tropical cyclone activity offset the ocean surface warming in northwest Pacific: 1981–2014

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