Upper Ocean Response to Typhoon Kalmaegi and Sarika in the South China Sea from Multiple-Satellite Observations and Numerical Simulations

Yue, Xinxin; Zhang, Biao; Liu, Guoqiang; Li, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Han; He, Yijun

doi:10.3390/rs10020348

Cited by 50 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The TC-induced near-inertial current enhances the velocity shear in the mixed layer [31], deepens the mixed layer, cools sea surface, and warms subsurface [6,7]. The sea surface temperature (SST) cooling was usually by 1-6 • C [2,4,[31][32][33][34][35], and by more than 10 • C in some extreme cases [36,37]. Owing to the rightward (or leftward) bias of the current response, the temperature response is also usually biased to the right side (or left side) of the TC track in the Northern (or Southern) Hemisphere [15,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2019

Remote Sensing

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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are natural disasters for coastal regions. TCs with maximum wind speeds higher than 32.7 m/s in the north-western Pacific are referred to as typhoons. Typhoons Sarika and Haima successively passed our moored observation array in the northern South China Sea in 2016. Based on the satellite data, the winds (clouds and rainfall) biased to the right (left) sides of the typhoon tracks. Sarika and Haima cooled the sea surface ~4 and ~2 °C and increased the salinity ~1.2 and ~0.6 psu, respectively. The maximum sea surface cooling occurred nearly one day after the two typhoons. Station 2 (S2) was on left side of Sarika’s track and right side of Haima’s track, which is studied because its data was complete. Strong near-inertial currents from the ocean surface toward the bottom were generated at S2, with a maximum mixed-layer speed of ~80 cm/s. The current spectrum also shows weak signal at twice the inertial frequency (2f). Sarika deepened the mixed layer, cooled the sea surface, but warmed the subsurface by ~1 °C. Haima subsequently pushed the subsurface warming anomaly into deeper ocean, causing a temperature increase of ~1.8 °C therein. Sarika and Haima successively increased the heat content anomaly upper than 160 m at S2 to ~50 and ~100 m°C, respectively. Model simulation of the two typhoons shows that mixing and horizontal advection caused surface ocean cooling, mixing and downwelling caused subsurface warming, while downwelling warmed the deeper ocean. It indicates that Sarika and Haima sequentially modulated warm water into deeper ocean and influenced internal ocean heat budget. Upper ocean salinity response was similar to temperature, except that rainfall refreshed sea surface and caused a successive salinity decrease of ~0.03 and ~0.1 psu during the two typhoons, changing the positive subsurface salinity anomaly to negative

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2019

Remote Sensing

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“…Tropical cyclones (TCs) are strong synoptic phenomena. When moving over the ocean, TCs cause a significant cooling of the sea surface, with a typical cooling range of 1–6 °C that biases to the right (left) side of the storm track in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere (Black & Dickey, ; D'Asaro et al, ; Hsu et al, ; Lin, ; Meyers et al, ; Wu & Li, ; Yue et al, ; Zhang et al, ; Zedler et al, ), and in some cases even more than 10 °C (Chiang et al, ; Glenn et al, ). In general, surface cooling is caused mainly by vertical mixing (entrainment) during intense TCs (e.g., Price, ) and by air‐sea heat flux during weak TCs (e.g., Vincent et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net Modulation of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure by Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014)

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2018

JGR Oceans

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In situ observation of a buoys/moorings array and a model simulation were used to study the modulation of upper ocean thermal structure by Typhoon Kalmaegi in September 2014. The inertial period signals were significant after forcing of Kalmaegi, but they did not account for the net heat change. Removing the inertial period signals showed that the net thermal response biased to the right of Kalmaegi's track. Vertical mixing caused surface cooling with an inverted-cone structure and subsurface warming with a double-wing structure. Net upwelling converted the left wing of the subsurface warming to cooling, while net downwelling warmed the upper ocean in front and on both sides of the net upwelling zone. Horizontal advection was not as important as vertical mixing and vertical advection in modulating the thermal structure but contributed to the net outward advection of thermal anomaly in the mixed layer during the forced stage and also in the net along-track recovery of subsurface anomaly during the relaxation stage. In general, horizontal and vertical advection modulated thermal anomalies in the upper ocean across a broader horizontal range and into the deeper ocean compared with the effect of vertical mixing. Our results indicate the need to consider both mixing and advection (rather than only mixing) when studying the effects of tropical cyclones on local ocean heat uptake and global ocean heat transport.Plain Language Summary Tropical cyclones are strong natural phenomena occurring on the ocean. Tropical cyclones intensify ocean mixing and deepen surface mixed layer (defined as a layer with uniform temperature). In so doing, it creates cold anomaly at the surface and warm anomaly in the subsurface, which can be considered as a downward pump of warm water (heat pump effect). The subsurface warming cannot be directly recovered by air-sea surface interaction; it may stay in the ocean and contribute to global ocean heat transport and then influence the climate system. This work studied the upper ocean thermal response to a tropical cyclone (typhoon Kalmaegi) in September 2014. The results show that besides the surface cooling and subsurface warming, typhoon Kalmaegi also cools the subsurface by an upwelling process. Upwelling brings up cold water, and part of subsurface warming is modulated outside of the main response area and into the deeper ocean (cold suction effect). This work indicates that the upper ocean thermal response to a tropical cyclone is more complicated than only heat pump effect. Cold suction effect needs to be taken into consideration when estimating the tropical cyclones' contribution to global ocean heat budget.

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“…Furthermore, our previous works (e.g., [2,50,[88][89][90][91][92][93]) indicate thatoceanic thermohaline and dynamic features play an important role in upper ocean response to a single or sequential typhoons based on multiple observation data and model simulations. However, these works were mainly in the marginal sea (the South China Sea) and we may further follow the study of this paper, and study how some special topographic features such as with many islands or straits influences the structure of the oceanic response to typhoons in the future.…”

Section: Future Workmentioning

confidence: 96%

Response of Coastal Water in the Taiwan Strait to Typhoon Nesat of 2017

Yang

Tian

et al. 2019

Water

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The oceanic response of the Taiwan Strait (TWS) to Typhoon Nesat (2017) was investigated using a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model (COAWST) verified by observations. Ocean currents in the TWS changed drastically in response to significant wind variation during the typhoon. The response of ocean currents was characterised by a flow pattern generally consistent with the Ekman boundary layer theory, with north-eastward volume transport being significantly modified by the storm. Model results also reveal that the western TWS experienced the maximum generated storm surge, whereas the east side experienced only moderate storm surge. Heat budget analysis indicated that surface heat flux, vertical diffusion, and total advection all contributed to changes in water temperature in the upper 30 m with advection primarily affecting lower depths during the storm. Momentum balance analysis shows that along-shore volume acceleration was largely determined by a combined effect of surface wind stress and bottom stress. Cross-shore directional terms of pressure gradient and Coriolis acceleration were dominant throughout the model run, indicating that the effect of the storm on geostrophic balance was small. This work provides a detailed analysis of TWS water response to typhoon passage across the strait, which will aid in regional disaster management.

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Upper Ocean Response to Typhoon Kalmaegi and Sarika in the South China Sea from Multiple-Satellite Observations and Numerical Simulations

Cited by 50 publications

References 56 publications

Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array

Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array

Net Modulation of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure by Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014)

Response of Coastal Water in the Taiwan Strait to Typhoon Nesat of 2017

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