Upper Teesdale: the archaeology of a North Pennine Valley

A 3300-year atmospheric metal contamination record from Raeburn Flow raised bog, south west Scotland

“…Despite the wealth of Roman archaeology to the north of this mineralised region, the first documented evidence of mining in the Northern Pennines dates to the 12th century AD, but there is some circumstantial evidence for earlier activity. A Roman date is preferred by Wooler (1924), Raistrick and Jennings (1965) and Lord and Morgan (2003) and it is suggested by others albeit tentatively (Jones and Mattingly, 1993), whilst Coggins (1986) speculates that pre-Roman activity may have taken place. Firm archaeological evidence for Roman exploitation is, however, still lacking.…”