Upregulation of circulating IL-15 by treadmill running in healthy individuals: Is IL-15 an endocrine mediator of the beneficial effects of endurance exercise?

Tamura, Yoshiaki; Watanabe, Keiichi; Kantani, Tomomi; Hoshino, Junichi; Ishida, Nobuhiko; Kaneki, Masao

doi:10.1507/endocrj.k10e-400

Cited by 117 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the same flow of thinking, IL-8 appears to have angiogenic effects 28,36,37 and IL-15, also produced by muscle contraction, seems to have anabolic effects and in the reduction of adiposity 36,37,86 . Although some studies do not show significant increases in the plasma IL-15 after exercise 87,88 , Tamura et al 89 observed this increase in individuals submitted to 30 minutes of exercise on a treadmill with an intensity of 70% of HRmax predicted by age (HRmax = 220 -age). The authors attribute the lack of consensus in the literature to the different experimental parameters and especially to the timing of the IL-15 measurement after exercise.…”

Section: Effect Of Physical Exercise In the Cytokine Productionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular

Terra

Da-Silva

Salerno

et al. 2012

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: Over the last century, people have become less active, adopting more sedentary habits. This scenario has increased the incidence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The practice of physical activities can influence healthiness by altering the metabolic state and also the immune system. Objective: To review the literature for studies that address the effects promoted by physical exercise on the development of immune responses and the possible signal transduction pathways. Methods: The SciELO and PubMed data bases were consulted. Results: The available literature shows that during the practice of exercise, various subpopulations of leukocytes are altered in accordance with the intensity and duration of the activity performed. Exercise of moderate intensity stimulates a pro-inflammatory response, while those of high intensity tend to promote antiinflammatory responses that could decrease damage to skeletal muscle. Such alterations are observed in cells that present antigens (such as macrophages and dendritic cells), neutrophils, natural killer cells (NK) and in surface molecules like Toll-like receptors (TLR) and major histocompatibility complex class II, as well as the entire repertoire of cytokines. Conclusion: The current state of knowledge suggests that the alterations in the immune system are dependent on parameters inherent to exercise and that in order to have all these alterations occurring, some cell signaling cascades are activated, giving rise to a complex process of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation that culminates in the activation of transcription factors, translation of mRNA's, protein synthesis and cell proliferation.

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Section: Effect Of Physical Exercise In the Cytokine Productionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular

Terra

Da-Silva

Salerno

et al. 2012

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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“…While one study reported no change in IL-15 mRNA expression after acute resistance training [36], Nielsen et al observed a twofold increase in IL-15 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle, which, however, was not accompanied by an increase in muscular or plasma levels of the IL-15 protein [37]. Other studies have reported elevated circulating IL-15 levels after a single bout of resistance or endurance exercise and after 8 weeks of resistance training [38][39][40]. Lower levels of IL-15 have been reported in type 2 diabetic patients compared with controls [41].…”

Section: Myokines and Metabolic Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

et al. 2014

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Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an active endocrine organ releasing a host of so-called myokines. These myokines are part of a complex network that mediates communication between muscle, the liver, adipose tissue, the brain and other organs. Recent data suggest that myokines regulated by muscle contraction may play a key role in mediating the health-promoting effects of regular physical activity. Although hundreds of myokines have recently been described in proteomic studies, we currently have a rather limited knowledge of the specific role these myokines play in the prevention of insulin resistance, inflammation and associated metabolic dysfunction. Several myokines are known to have both local and endocrine functions, but in many cases the contribution of physical activity to the systemic level of these molecules remains as yet unexplored. Very recently, novel myokines such as irisin, which is thought to induce a white to brown shift in adipocytes, have gained considerable interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarise the most recent findings on the role of myokines in the regulation of substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. We further explore the role of myokines in the regulation of inflammation and provide a critical assessment of irisin and other myokines regarding their potential as therapeutic targets.

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“…In addition to IL-6, other muscle-secreted proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 21, IL-15, and myonectin have been shown to be produced in skeletal muscle in response to acute or chronic exercise, and have been suggested to increase fat oxidation or glucose uptake in skeletal muscles [11][12][13][14][15][16]. A more recent study showed that peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression in skeletal muscle stimulates an increase in Secretory function of skeletal muscle the expression of FNDC5, a membrane protein that is cleaved and secreted as Irisin [17].…”

Section: Metabolic and Immune Functions Of Muscle-secreted Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muscle IL-15 is elevated by a single bout of exercise in human [47], although it is controversial if circulating IL-15 is also increased [15,48]. On the other hand, muscle and serum IL-15 levels decline progressively with age and unloading atrophy in rodents [49,50].…”

Section: Myogenic Function Of Muscle-secreted Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle: a novel and intriguing characteristics as a secretory organ

Aoi¹,

Sakuma²

2013

Biodiscovery

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Growing evidence has shown that skeletal muscle secretes several bioactive proteins from within the cell into extracellular fluid. The secretion of several proteins, whose levels increase in response to exercise, can regulate the functions of several organs via autocrine and paracrine actions, and mediate exercise-induced benefits such as metabolic improvement, anti-inflammation, and muscle building; this is known as the myokine theory. In addition, we found a novel muscle-secreted protein, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a secreted matricellular glycoprotein. The muscle-secreted protein SPARC can support underlying mechanisms of epidemiological studies that suggest that regular exercise can prevent the incidence of colon cancer. Many different types of studies have suggested that many other proteins secreted from muscle have yet to be identified. In addition to the proteins, non-coding small RNA in exosome and metabolites which generate in process of nutrients metabolism with muscle contraction are also suggested to be secretory bioactive factors. These secretory factors may be biomarkers that reflect muscular function and beneficial adaptation achieved by exercise training, and could estimate adequate condition of exercise to obtain its beneficial effects.

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Upregulation of circulating IL-15 by treadmill running in healthy individuals: Is IL-15 an endocrine mediator of the beneficial effects of endurance exercise?

Cited by 117 publications

References 19 publications

Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular

Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular

Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Skeletal muscle: a novel and intriguing characteristics as a secretory organ

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