Upregulation of the Fibrinolytic System by Daikenchuto (TU-100)-Induced Adrenomedullin in Mesothelial Cells: A Possible Mechanism by Which TU-100 Prevents Peritoneal Adhesion

Kono, Toru; Suzuki, Tatsuya; Kaneko, Atsushi; Ohno, Nagisa; Hira, Yoshiki; Omiya, Yuji; Chisato, Naoyuki; Furukawa, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi

doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(11)62714-5

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“…The therapeutic effects of ginseng, as well as ginger and sanshools, are diverse and include vascular, cardiac, antineoplastic, and anti-inflammatory actions (Rimar et al 1996;Kwan et al 2004;Ghayur and Gilani 2005;Kim et al 2009;Song et al 2009;Kono et al 2011;Shin et al 2013;Ueno et al 2014). Some of these actions may relate to the antioxidant properties of ginseng and ginger also possesses anti-inflammatory actions (Kitts et al 2000;Hu and Kitts 2001;Masuda et al 2004;Kikuzaki and Nakatani 1993;Kim et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds may act in complementary and synergistic ways (Kono et al 2015). The rapid and direct action of these ingredients on intestinal epithelial cells, lymphocytes, enteric nerves, and smooth muscle cells are involved in TU-100's vasodilatory and prokinetic effects (Satoh et al 2001;Murata et al 2002;Kito and Suzuki 2006;Tokita et al 2007Tokita et al , 2011Kono et al 2011;Kono et al 2013;Ueno et al 2014). TU-100 is frequently used chronically, especially for alleviation of abdominal bloating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Daikenchuto (TU‐100) shapes gut microbiota architecture and increases the production of ginsenoside metabolite compound K

Hasebe

Ueno

Musch

et al. 2016

Pharmacology Res & Perspec

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Many pharmaceutical agents not only require microbial metabolism for increased bioavailability and bioactivity, but also have direct effects on gut microbial assemblage and function. We examined the possibility that these actions are not mutually exclusive and may be mutually reinforcing in ways that enhance long‐term of these agents. Daikenchuto, TU‐100, is a traditional Japanese medicine containing ginseng. Conversion of the ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) to bioactive compound K (CK) requires bacterial metabolism. Diet‐incorporated TU‐100 was administered to mice over a period of several weeks. T‐RFLP and 454 pyrosequencing were performed to analyze the time‐dependent effects on fecal microbial membership. Fecal microbial capacity to metabolize Rb1 to CK was measured by adding TU‐100 or ginseng to stool samples to assess the generation of bioactive metabolites. Levels of metabolized TU‐100 components in plasma and in stool samples were measured by LC‐MS/MS. Cecal and stool short‐chain fatty acids were measured by GC‐MS. Dietary administration of TU‐100 for 28 days altered the gut microbiota, increasing several bacteria genera including members of Clostridia and Lactococcus lactis. Progressive capacity of microbiota to convert Rb1 to CK was observed over the 28 days administration of dietary TU‐100. Concomitantly with these changes, increases in all SCFA were observed in cecal contents and in acetate and butyrate content of the stool. Chronic consumption of dietary TU‐100 promotes changes in gut microbiota enhancing metabolic capacity of TU‐100 and increased bioavailability. We believe these findings have broad implications in optimizing the efficacy of natural compounds that depend on microbial bioconversion in general.

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