Upregulation of TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 in Nodular Goiter Is Associated with Iodine Deficiency in the Follicular Lumen

Abstract

Objective. It has been testified that iodine regulates thyroid function by controlling thyroid-restricted genes expression and is closely related to diffuse goiter and thyroid dysfunction. However, the effects of follicular lumen iodine, the main form of iodine reserve in the body, on thyroid-restricted genes in nodular goiter are poorly understood. In this study, correlations between follicular lumen iodine and the expressions of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), its transcription factors TTF-1, and PAX8 in nodular goiter were investigated. Patients. In this study, 30 resection specimens clinically histopathologically confirmed to have nodular goiter and 30 normal thyroid specimens from adjacent tissues of nodular goiter are used. Measurement. Western blot immunohistochemistry was performed to assay TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 in thyrocytes of nodular goiter as well as in extranodular normal thyroid tissues. Meanwhile, follicular lumen iodine of both nodular goiter and extranodular normal thyroid tissues was detected as well. Results. The TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 in nodular goiter were significantly higher than those in the controls. The iodine content in nodular goiter was significantly lower than those in control tissues. Conclusion. Upregulation of TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 is associated with low follicular lumen iodine content in nodular goiter.

Bacterial Profile and Antibiotic Resistance in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Guangzhou, Southern China: Focus on the Differences among Different Wagner’s Grades, IDSA/IWGDF Grades, and Ulcer Types

“…Another limitation is the small number of included patients, especially those with Wagner-Meggit grade 1 or IWGDF/IDSA grade 1 wound, and rarely neuropathic ulcerations. Tissue biopsy is known as the most standard method, and swab cultures are considered as not reliable since it generally includes the colonizers and not the causative pathogen [ 15 ]. But in this study, the swabs were obtained after a complete debridement in order to avoid the colonizers, and the CNS, as the main colonized organisms in the skin, were detected lower than 10% in this study, which showed that the swabs were reliable.…”

“…All the specimens were sampled to the microbiology laboratory within 48 h after hospital admission. Swabbing were collected from each wound after the wound had been cleansed (using 0.9% sterile saline and gauze) and debrided (removal of necrotic tissue, foreign material, calluses, and undermined wound edges) [ 15 ]. No antimicrobial agent or antiseptic was introduced into the wound before specimen collection.…”

Iodinated TG in Thyroid Follicular Lumen Regulates TTF‐1 and PAX8 Expression via TSH/TSHR Signaling Pathway

“…Iodinated TG plays a crucial role in regulating TTF‐1 and PAX8. Our previous study showed that high iodinated TG in thyroid follicular lumen could inhibit the expression and transcription activities of TTF‐1 and PAX8 [Huang et al, ,, ], but the underlying mechanism is still unclear.…”

Antithyroid Drug Treatment in Graves’ Disease

“…Although a previous study has shown significantly increased titer of thyroid autoantibodies after iodine supply in an iodine-deficient area, recent experimental studies showed the opposite results [ 53 – 55 ]. Two experimental studies have revealed that iodine in the thyroid gland regulates the expression of thyroid-specific proteins via negative feedback, indicating that restricted iodine intake would increase the expression of these specific proteins, enhance thyroid hormone synthesis, and lead to a more severe autoimmune response [ 54 , 55 ].…”