Uptake, accumulation and impact of antiretroviral and antiviral pharmaceutical compounds in lettuce

Akenga, Preston; Gachanja, Anthony; Fitzsimons, Mark F.; Tappin, Alan D.; Comber, Sean

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144499

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Green pepper had the lowest matrix effect for abacavir (33%), and the maximum was potato matrix effect for nevirapine (56%), which both significantly signal ion suppression. The comparable findings were observed in a study reported by Akenga et al, where the matrix of lettuce (leaf) was high for nevirapine (50%) and efavirenz (46%) [11].…”

Section: Methods Validationsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The highest concentrations of abacavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz were 1.48 ± 0.5, 27.9 ± 1.2, and 13.0 ± 1.4 μg/kg, respectively, which were detected in the beetroot root vegetable (Table 2). In a case study conducted on the uptake of efavirenz (3463 μg/kg) and nevirapine (2625 μg/kg) by lettuce plant, it was observed that both of these ARVDs highly accumulate in the plant roots [11]. In another study, the reported efavirenz concentration of 29.9 μg/kg in hyacinth plant roots was higher than in the other plant parts [10].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted in the United Kingdom on the uptake of ARVDs by lettuce plants from contaminated water displayed that they can accumulate in the plant roots and be translocated to the bulk of the plant. These results showed that root plants potentially absorb ARVDs from contaminated water [11], and thus continuous monitoring of ARVDs is important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of antiretroviral drugs in vegetables: Evaluation of microwave‐assisted extraction performance with and without solid‐phase extraction cleanup

Kunene

Mahlambi

2022

Separation Science Plus

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This study presents unique data on concentrations of antiretroviral drugs, (abacavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz) in the root, leaf, and fruit vegetables. The microwave‐assisted extraction, solid‐phase extraction, and liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection were applied to assess antiretroviral drugs in vegetable samples. The analytical method showed high precision with the linearity (R2) greater than 0.99, with acceptable, and accuracy with recoveries ranging from 85 to 103% for microwave‐assisted extraction and from 87% to 104% for solid‐phase extraction. The limit of detection and quantification ranged from 0.020 to 0.032 μg/kg and from 0.068 to 0.109 μg/kg for microwave‐assisted extraction and from 0.019 to 0.066 μg/L and 0.065 to 0.22 μg/L for solid‐phase extraction, respectively and the repeatability of the methods as relative standard deviation was a less than 6%. The antiretroviral drugs concentration range obtained in vegetable samples is not detected–1.48 ± 0.5 μg/kg for abacavir, not detected–27.9 ± 1.2 μg/kg for nevirapine, and not detected–13.14 ± 0.1 μg/kg for efavirenz. The microwave‐assisted extraction method with solid‐phase extraction cleanup resulted in low concentration compared to microwave‐assisted extraction without cleanup which could be due to its high limits of detection and quantification making it less sensitive. However, the concentration difference was not significant. Root vegetables (beetroot) exhibited high concentrations of antiretroviral drugs, while nevirapine was found to have high concentration and as a dominant compound.

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Section: Methods Validationsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of antiretroviral drugs in vegetables: Evaluation of microwave‐assisted extraction performance with and without solid‐phase extraction cleanup

Kunene

Mahlambi

2022

Separation Science Plus

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“…The accumulation of pharmaceuticals onto the plant tissues, especially on the leaves and other edible parts, might have serious impacts on both the health of plant itself and to other living species consuming them as a part of food chain. The evidences to support the first assumption (i.e., the impact on plant health) is well recognized in the case of lettuce, where the exposure of various medications, such as nevirapine (Akenga et al 2021) and acetaminophen (Leitão et al 2021), induces noticeable impacts. Some pharmaceuticals (including CAR and IRB) even disturb the chlorophyll content and redox status of aquatic mosses, but without effecting the growth of plant species that much (Sossey Alaoui et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, either alone or as a mixture, many of these biomolecules might affect the plant health after being taken up from the environment via the transpiration stream, especially in the case of higher exposure levels. A recent study by Akenga et al (2021) clearly revealed the toxic effects of antiretroviral medications, such as nevirapine, on lettuce upon higher exposure levels (≥ 100 μg L −1 ). Furthermore, this drug seems to move flawlessly from the plant root to the edible parts (e.g., leaves) with a translocation factor > 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective accumulation of pharmaceutical residues from 6 different soils by plants: a comparative study on onion, radish, and spinach

Menacherry

Kodešová

Švecová

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The accumulation of six pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic uses has been thoroughly investigated and compared between onion, spinach, and radish plants grown in six soil types. While neutral molecules (e.g., carbamazepine (CAR) and some of its metabolites) were efficiently accumulated and easily translocated to the plant leaves (onion > radish > spinach), the same for ionic (both anionic and cationic) molecules seems to be minor to moderate. The maximum accumulation of CAR crosses 38,000 (onion), 42,000 (radish), and 7000 (spinach) ng g−1 (dry weight) respectively, in which the most majority of them happened within the plant leaves. Among the metabolites, the accumulation of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC — a primary CAR metabolite) was approximately 19,000 (onion), 7000 (radish), and 6000 (spinach) ng g−1 (dry weight) respectively. This trend was considerably similar even when all these pharmaceuticals applied together. The accumulation of most other molecules (e.g., citalopram, clindamycin, clindamycin sulfoxide, fexofenadine, irbesartan, and sulfamethoxazole) was restricted to plant roots, except for certain cases (e.g., clindamycin and clindamycin sulfoxide in onion leaves). Our results clearly demonstrated the potential role of this accumulation process on the entrance of pharmaceuticals/metabolites into the food chain, which eventually becomes a threat to associated living biota.

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Multi‐residue extraction to determine organic pollutants in mussel hemolymph

Álvarez-Ruiz

Picó

Campo

2021

J of Separation Science

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This study assesses the extraction of eleven pharmaceuticals, five pesticides, five perfluoroalkyl substances, and two illicit drugs in hemolymph from (Mytilus Galloprovincialis). Four extraction procedures using Phree™ Phospholipid Removal cartridges were tested using different volumes of methanol (400 and 600 μL) and acetonitrile (300 and 450 μL). The pollutants were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The use of methanol gave several problems during the extraction procedure, such as longer times and sample loss. Three methods (acetonitrile 300 and 450 μL; and methanol 600 μL) were validated. Recoveries at three concentration levels (5, 50, and 100 ng/mL) ranged 35.1-129.0 and 29.3-133.0% for acetonitrile 300 and 450 μL, respectively, while recoveries for methanol 600 μL ranged 52.2-166.0%. Limits of detection were < 10 ng/mL for most analytes using any of the methods. Methanol 600 μL was the only method capable to extract the illicit drug 4-methoxyphencyclidine and provided a better peak shape and higher signalnoise ratio. When applied to non-spiked samples from local markets salicylic acid and diclofenac were detected at 33.50-97.79 and 28.30-30.31 ng/mL respectively. To our knowledge, there are no methods to determine organic contaminants in hemolymph and this is the first application of Phree™ cartridges for mussel hemolymph extraction.

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Uptake, accumulation and impact of antiretroviral and antiviral pharmaceutical compounds in lettuce

Cited by 23 publications

References 65 publications

Assessment of antiretroviral drugs in vegetables: Evaluation of microwave‐assisted extraction performance with and without solid‐phase extraction cleanup

Assessment of antiretroviral drugs in vegetables: Evaluation of microwave‐assisted extraction performance with and without solid‐phase extraction cleanup

Selective accumulation of pharmaceutical residues from 6 different soils by plants: a comparative study on onion, radish, and spinach

Multi‐residue extraction to determine organic pollutants in mussel hemolymph

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