Uptake and accumulation of Cr in edible parts of Eruca sativa from irrigation water. Effects on polyphenol profile and antioxidant capacity

Abstract

Metals in the environment have been an increasing research topic over the past decade, since they can be found in both natural and drinking water, including irrigation of crops and edible plants with contaminated water. The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of Cr by arugula ( Eruca sativa ) in a greenhouse experiment, simulating the open field irrigation conditions. We also evaluate the toxic effects of Cr on oxidative stress by measuring the antioxidant capacity and polyphenol profile in the plant. The study examines the irrigation of arugula, during 15 and 21 days, with four Cr (VI) concentrations, ranging from 0 (control) to 250 μg. L −1 . Arugula plants were able to accumulate Cr when irrigated during 15 and 21 days in all the Cr concentrations evaluated. The estimated daily intake (EDI) shows that the amount of Cr accumulated by arugula plants does not represent a threat to human health. Application of Cr levels induced some changes in content, profile and capacity of antioxidants depending on Cr concentration and time of exposure. Taking into account that E. sativa is consumed due to its polyphenol-related health benefits, the allowable Cr limits in irrigation water should be reviewed, in order to maximize health benefits associated with its consumption, and also to improve vegetable quality. Arugula is a valuable and nutritious food, that should not be excluded from a balanced diet. Chromium concentration in irrigation water as well as the speciation forms present in vegetables should be controlled.

Ultrasounds and a Postharvest Photoperiod to Enhance the Synthesis of Sulforaphane and Antioxidants in Rocket Sprouts

“…Six different flavonoids with high antioxidant ability have been identified in rocket sprouts, from which quercetin reported the highest content followed by kaempferol derivatives (1,2,3, all of them attached to mono- and disaccharide sugars), rutin, and a quercetin derivative (attached to mono- or disaccharide sugars), while kaempferol was found in very low amounts ( Table 3 ), which agrees with those reported by Cuellar et al [ 28 ] and Schiavon et al [ 29 ], who found such compounds in similar contents in rocket leaves. Similar to phenolic acids, flavonoid synthesis was not enhanced at the beginning of the shelf life (5th day), although the stimuli of these compounds induced by lighting conditions was notorious after the 8 th day.…”

Quantitative Analysis and Molecular Docking Simulation of Flavonols from Eruca sativa Mill. And Their Effect on Skin Barrier Function

“…Kaempferol 3,4'-diglucoside is the most abundant flavonol in EBuOH fraction because of the higher polarity of n-butanol than that of ethyl acetate. Flavonol di-glycosides are main components in EBuOH, EDW and crude 70% ethanol extract, which is consistent with the study in the past [26][27][28]. Total flavonol content is comparatively large in EEA (13.2%) and EBuOH (7.7%), which is positively related to the results of the total phenolic and flavonoid content as shown in Table 1.…”

Quantitative Analysis and Molecular Docking Simulation of Flavonols from Eruca sativa Mill. and Their Effect on Skin Barrier Function

“…Kaempferol 3,4 ′ -diglucoside is the most abundant flavonol in the EBuOH fraction because of the higher polarity of n-butanol than that of ethyl acetate. Flavonol di-glycosides are the main components in EBuOH, EDW, and crude 70% ethanol extract, which is consistent with the studies in the past [26][27][28]. Total flavonol content is comparatively large in EEA (13.2%) and EBuOH (7.7%), which is positively related to the results of the total phenolic and flavonoid content, as shown in Table 1.…”