Uptake and biotransformation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) by microplantlet suspension culture of the marine red macroalga Portieria hornemannii

Abstract

Microplantlets of the marine red macroalga Portieria hornemannii efficiently removed the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from seawater. Photosynthetic, axenic microplantlets (1.2 g FW/L) were challenged with enriched seawater medium containing dissolved TNT at concentrations of 1.0, 10, and 50 mg/L. At 22 degrees C and initial TNT concentrations of 10 mg/L or less, TNT removal from seawater was 100% within 72 h, and the first-order rate constant for TNT removal ranged from 0.025 to 0.037 L/gFW h under both illuminated conditions (153 microE/m(2)s, 14:10 LD photoperiod) and dark conditions. Two immediate products of TNT biotransformation, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dintrotoluene, were identified in the liquid culture medium, with a maximum material balance recovery of 29 mole%. Only trace levels of these products and residual TNT were found within the fresh cell biomass. Removal of TNT by P. hornemannii microplantlets at initial concentrations of 1.0 or 10 mg/L did not affect the respiration rate. At an initial TNT concentration of 10 mg/L, net photosynthesis decreased towards zero, commensurate with the removal of dissolved TNT from seawater, whereas at an initial TNT concentration of 1.0 mg/L, the net photosynthesis rate was not affected.

Biodegradation of Used Motor Oil and Biofuel Production by Microalgae Coelastrella sp. M60 and Scenedesmus sp. VJ1

“…Furthermore, it has been dexterously discussed that both micro-and macroalgae proved to be effective in heavy metal adsorption and degradation of xenobiotics [7]. Interestingly, the marine red alga Portieria hornemannii has the potential to eradicate trinitrotoluene (TNT) present in seawater [8,9]. In another study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green microalga, can absorb and remove the herbicide prometryne up to 66 % in the aquatic system [10].…”

Anaerobic reduction of 2,6‐dinitrotoluene by Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1: Roles of Mtr respiratory pathway and NfnB

“…Some mixed enrichment cultures in freshwater and biofilm reactors have also been reported to biodegrade 2,6‐DNT (Lendenmann et al, ; Paca et al, ; Pesce and Wunderlin, ; Smets et al, ). However, due to the electron‐deficient property of aromatic rings resulting from the substitution of nitro group, DNT is a biorefractory compound and its biodegradation efficiency is usually not high (Cruz‐Uribe and Rorrer, ; Leungsakul et al, , ).…”

Simultaneous Chronoamperometry and Piezoelectric Microgravimetry Determination of Nitroaromatic Explosives Using Molecularly Imprinted Thiophene Polymers

“…Therefore, nitroaromatic compounds (NTs) carrying three nitro groups per molecule, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, i.e., picric acid (TNP) (Scheme ), are among those most highly explosive. Moreover, the toxic effect of these explosives caused by their contamination (in the micromolar range) of soil, water, or air poses a serious threat to people. − Hence, low-cost, high-sensitivity, and high-selectivity sensors for detection and determination of NTs are in demand. ,

1 Structural Formulas of Four Common Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds a TNP, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid); TNT, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; TNB, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; DNT, 2,4-dinitrotoluene.

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