Uptake, metabolism, and elimination of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Abstract

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to a 1.0-yitg/mL solution of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro[14C]phenol (TFM) for up to 24 h accumulated radioactive residues in all tissues analyzed at each of five successive sampling periods. Maximum concentrations occurred after 8 h in brain and muscle and after 12 h in blood, liver, kidney, and head plus viscera. Concentrations of radioactivity in the bile increased throughout the experiment. In a second group of fish exposed to 1.0 Mg/mL of [14C]TFM for 12 h and then transferred to lampricide-free flowing water, the concentration of radioactive materials in tissues generally decreased with time throughout a 72-h elimination period. No TFM was detected in muscle tissue 12 h after the fish were transferred to lampricide-free water. The presence of conjugated TFM in the bile was confirmed. Hexane/ether extracts contained [14C]TFM and other unidentified 14C materials from muscle and head plus viscera, whereas methanol extracts taken after the hexane/ether extraction contained only a negligible amount of [14C]TFM but large quantities of unidentified, polar 14C compounds.

Relatively Rapid Loss of Lampricide Residues from Fillet Tissue of Fish after Routine Treatment

“…Although several studies report TFM residues in fish tissue (7,8,11,27), they do not adequately address regulatory requirements for the magnitude and persistence of the pesticide in both predator and bottom-feeding fish during actual field treatments. Gilderhus et al (8) was the only field study to report TFM concentrations in fish.…”

Recovery of Larval Sea Lampreys from Short‐Term Exposure to the Pesticide 3‐Trifluoromethyl‐4‐Nitrophenol: Implications for Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes

“…Although TFM was not quantified in the brain, liver, or muscle, the relatively rapid reestablishment of metabolic homeostasis (generally within 4-12 h) indicates that TFM was rapidly cleared from the body by larval sea lampreys. The sea lampreys' low capacity to conjugate TFM to TFM-glucuronide (Lech and Statham 1975;Kane et al 1993;Hubert et al 2005) makes it unlikely that significant amounts of TFM would be cleared via renal routes or the bile (Clarke et al 1991), as has been reported in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Hunn and Allen 1975) and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Schultz et al 1979). Thus, passive diffusion of TFM via the gills would be the predominant route of TFM elimination in sea lampreys.…”

Residues of the Lampricides 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol and Niclosamide in Muscle Tissue of Rainbow Trout

“…The metabolism of TFM was studied by Lech (3)(4)(5) and by Schultz et al (6). Statham and Lech also reported that the glucuronide conjugate of niclosamide was the major metabolite in bile of rainbow trout exposed to [ 14 C]niclosamide (7).…”

“…However, only one study examined residues in muscle tissue, and no TFM-glucuronide was found (5). Schultz et al (6) measured parent TFM in exposed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) but did not characterize metabolites. Likewise, a study on the metabolism of niclosamide demonstrated that niclosamide-glucuronide is the major metabolite of niclosamide in the bile of rainbow trout (7), but residues of niclosamide in muscle tissue were not characterized.…”