Uptake, Occurrence, and Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics in Plants and Edible Crops

Abstract

The plant uptake of pharmaceuticals that include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics from contaminated environment has benefits and drawbacks. These pharmaceuticals enter plants mostly through irrigation with contaminated water and application of sewage sludge as soil fertilizer. Aquatic plants withdraw these pharmaceuticals from water through their roots. Numerous studies have observed the translocation of these pharmaceuticals from the roots into the aerial tissues. Furthermore, the occurrence of the metabolites of NSAIDs in plants has been observed. This article provides an in-depth critical review of the plant uptake of NSAIDs and analgesics, their translocation, and toxic effects on plant species. In addition, the occurrence of metabolites of NSAIDs in plants and the application of constructed wetlands using plants for remediation are reviewed. Factors that affect the plant uptake and translocation of these pharmaceuticals are examined. Gaps and future research are provided to guide forthcoming investigations on important aspects that worth explorations.

Environmental Forensic

“…Whether the absorbed quantities could determine a risk for human health (e.g., through the "contamination" of the food chain), it should still be further investigated (Madikizela et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022).…”

Recent Advances in ROS-Scavenging Metallic Nanozymes for Anti-Inflammatory Diseases: A Review

“… 21 22 The limitations of these drugs include off-target biodistribution, poor bioavailability, and inability to cross biological barriers. 23 24 Recently, anti-leukotrienes, which hinder inflammatory cell recruitment to inflammatory sites, and proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors such as anti-TNF α and anti- IL-1 antibodies have emerged. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 However, these treatments are inadequate for controlling the progression of complex inflammation.…”

Targeted Adsorptive Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Water Purification Using Nanoporous Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Microcubes

“…Drug residues have been found in ground, surface, and drinking water, − wastewater treatment plant effluents and influents, , pedosphere, − and biosphere, − with varying degrees of drug contamination and concentration. , Therefore, removing the drug residues from the ecosystem is a major challenge. Residual drugs in the soil and water accumulate in plants and animals as the drugs are transferred to higher predators via the food chain. , Eventually, drug accumulation via bioaccumulation and biomagnification results in numerous illnesses and genetic abnormalities in top predators . Despite the low drug concentration, the chronic long-term impact is detrimental to the marine environment and subsequently the broader ecosystem. − Various chemical, physical, thermal, and biological methods have been explored to remove drug residue from aquatic environments.…”