Urban Air Quality Model Inter-Comparison Study (UMICS) for Improvement of PM2.5 Simulation in Greater Tokyo Area of Japan

Shimadera, Hikari; Hayami, Hiroshi; Chatani, Satoru; Morikawa, Tazuko; Morino, Yu; Mori, Yasuaki; Yamaji, Katsuhiko; Nakatsuka, Seiji; Ohara, Toshimasa

doi:10.5572/ajae.2018.12.2.139

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Additionally, as observed for the EC, the negative biases of OC for the Tokyo area were larger than those for western Japan. However, the negative biases of all participant CTMs have been clearly moderated compared with the UMICS cases [11,12]. Among the models, M02, M03, and M11 predicted relatively higher OC levels and overestimated the summer OC concentrations.…”

Section: Simulated Daily Concentrations Of Pm 25 Components and Totamentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In winter, most models reproduced day-to-day changes in both domains but tended to underestimate elevated NO 3 − levels, with ensemble mean biases of −0.89 µg/m 3 (NMB: −18.9%) and −2.36 µg/m 3 (NMB: −42.8%). A previous model inter-comparison study for the Tokyo metropolitan area, UMICS, concluded that the participant models overestimated NO 3 − levels in both summer and winter [11,12], although available observations included only one winter and three summer stations. In our validations, most models produced higher NO 3 − levels in spring and summer, lower NO 3 − levels in winter, and moderate NO 3 − levels in autumn, compared with accumulated observation data for d03 and d04.…”

Section: Simulated Daily Concentrations Of Pm 25 Components and Totamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An established reference regional CTM system should be applied to design effective PM 2.5 control strategies [5]. However, accurately reproducing or predicting the concentrations and distributions of PM 2.5 and its relevant substances remains challenging, due to inaccurate emission inventories, poorly represented initial and boundary conditions, imperfect physical, dynamical, and chemical parameterizations, and limited observations for verification, as noted for previous Asian scale model inter-comparisons, i.e., the model inter-comparison study for Asia (MICS-Asia) series [6][7][8][9] and the urban air quality model inter-comparison study in Japan (UMICS) series [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework

et al. 2020

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A model inter-comparison of secondary pollutant simulations over urban areas in Japan, the first phase of Japan’s study for reference air quality modeling (J-STREAM Phase I), was conducted using 32 model settings. Simulated hourly concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are primary pollutant precursors of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5), showed good agreement with the observed concentrations, but most of the simulated hourly sulfur oxide (SO2) concentrations were much higher than the observations. Simulated concentrations of PM2.5 and its components were compared to daily observed concentrations by using the filter pack method at selected ambient air pollution monitoring stations (AAPMSs) for each season. In general, most models showed good agreement with the observed total PM2.5 mass concentration levels in each season and provided goal or criteria levels of model ensemble statistics in warmer seasons. The good performances of these models were associated with the simulated reproducibility of some dominant components, sulfates (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+). The other simulated PM2.5 components, i.e., nitrates (NO3−), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), often show clear deviations from the observations. The considerable underestimations (approximately 30 µg/m3 for total PM2.5) of all participant models found on heavily polluted days with approximately 40–50 µg/m3 for total PM2.5 indicated some problems in the simulated local meteorology such as the atmospheric stability. This model inter-comparison suggests that these deviations may be owing to a need for further improvements both in the emission inventories and additional formation pathways in chemical transport models, and meteorological conditions also require improvement to simulate elevated atmospheric pollutants. Additional accumulated observations are likely needed to further evaluate the simulated concentrations and improve the model performance.

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Section: Simulated Daily Concentrations Of Pm 25 Components and Totamentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Simulated Daily Concentrations Of Pm 25 Components and Totamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework

et al. 2020

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“…However, as discussed in the previous subsection, high deposition velocity of fine NO − 3 due to evaporation in the forest (up to 40 times the above values) may effectively remove nitrate aerosols from the atmosphere over the forest and leeward. If the aerosol dynamics and gas-particle conversion processes can be incorporated into the dry deposition scheme in chemical transport models, we could improve upon or even eliminate prior studies' overestimates of the surface concentration of fine NO − 3 (Kajino et al, 2013;Shimadera et al, 2014Shimadera et al, , 2018Morino et al, 2015;Sakurai et al, 2015). Hicks et al (2016) found that in modeling deposition velocities of aerosols, the 340 greatest uncertainty manifests in the range 0.1 -1.0 µm.…”

Section: Influencing the Chemical Transport Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol dynamics and gas-particle conversion in dry deposition of inorganic reactive nitrogen in a temperate forest

Katata¹,

Matsuda²,

Kajino³

et al. 2019

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Although dry deposition has an impact on nitrogen status in the forest environments, the mechanism for high dry deposition rates of fine nitrate aerosols (NO − 3 ) observed in forests remains unknown and is a potential source of error in chemical transport models. Here we developed a new multi-layer land surface model coupled with dry deposition and aerosol dynamics processes for a temperate mixed forest in Japan. The processes of thermodynamics, kinetics, and dry deposition for mixed inorganic aerosols are modeled by a triple-moment modal method. The new model overall reproduces observed turbulent 5 fluxes above the canopy and vertical micrometeorological profiles, as well as inorganic mass and size-resolved total number concentrations within the canopy. Sensitivity tests revealed that the within-canopy evaporation of ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) under dry conditions significantly enhances deposition flux for fine NO − 3 and NH + 4 aerosols, while reducing deposition flux for nitric acid gas (HNO 3 ). A dry deposition scheme coupled with aerosol dynamics may be required to improve the predictive accuracy of chemical transport models for the surface concentration of inorganic reactive nitrogen. 10 15 Sakamoto et al., 2018; Nakahara et al., 2019). As long as physical deposition processes are dominant, the deposition velocities of SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 aerosols are expected to be similar because both species exist in the same sub-micron size range (e.g., Wolff et al., 2011). However, Sakamoto et al. (2018) showed observed deposition velocity of NO − 3 as high as those of HNO 3 at a temperate mixed forest, using the relaxed eddy accumulation method (Matsuda et al., 2015). Nakahara et al. (2019) also observed a higher concentration gradient of fine NO − 3 than of fine SO 2− 4 at a cool-temperate forest, using a thermodynamic 20 equilibrium model to explain this difference by evaporation of NH 4 NO 3 aerosols in the NH 4 NO 3 -NH 3 -HNO 3 triad within1 https://doi.the canopy. Numerical studies of chemical transport models for the East Asian region have demonstrated that the models have overestimated total (gas + aerosol) nitrate concentration at many locations (Kajino et al., 2013; Shimadera et al., 2018; Morino et al., 2015; Sakurai et al., 2015). Despite the many uncertain factors (e.g., the emission inventory; grid resolution; chemistry, physics, dynamics, and deposition modules), Shimadera et al. (2014) demonstrated that the surface concentration 25of total nitrate could be reproduced by increasing dry deposition velocity of HNO 3 by a factor of twenty, in reference to past numerical studies. Hence, the deposition velocity of NO − 3 of fine aerosols and/or HNO 3 is among the major uncertainties in the chemical transport modeling.Modeling studies for dry deposition have demonstrated the importance of NH 4 NO 3 volatilization during dry deposition of gaseous and particulate nitrates (Brost et al., 1988;van Oss et al., 1998;Kramm and Dlugi, 1994). All these studies used 30 the "big-leaf" concept for the canopy represen...

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“…Related to SO 4 2− production, this inventory database also contains information about primary fine-mode sulfate emissions. The verification of primary and secondary air pollutants has been reported [20][21][22]; however, to our knowledge, trace elements in Japan have not been fully evaluated. Sulfuric gas emissions were set as zero in the first phase of J-STREAM due to the lack of information.…”

Section: Overview Of Modeled So 4 2− Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refinement of Modeled Aqueous-Phase Sulfate Production via the Fe- and Mn-Catalyzed Oxidation Pathway

et al. 2018

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We refined the aqueous-phase sulfate (SO 4 2− ) production in the state-of-the-art Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model during the Japanese model inter-comparison project, known as Japan's Study for Reference Air Quality Modeling (J-STREAM). In Japan, SO 4 2− is the major component of PM 2.5 , and CMAQ reproduces the observed seasonal variation of SO 4 2− with the summer maxima and winter minima. However, CMAQ underestimates the concentration during winter over Japan. Based on a review of the current modeling system, we identified a possible reason as being the inadequate aqueous-phase SO 4 2− production by Fe-and Mn-catalyzed O 2 oxidation. This is because these trace metals are not properly included in the Asian emission inventories. Fe and Mn observations over Japan showed that the model concentrations based on the latest Japanese emission inventory were substantially underestimated. Thus, we conducted sensitivity simulations where the modeled Fe and Mn concentrations were adjusted to the observed levels, the Fe and Mn solubilities were increased, and the oxidation rate constant was revised. Adjusting the concentration increased the SO 4 2− concentration during winter, as did increasing the solubilities and revising the rate constant to consider pH dependencies. Statistical analysis showed that these sensitivity simulations improved model performance. The approach adopted in this study can partly improve model performance in terms of the underestimation of SO 4 2− concentration during winter. From our findings, we demonstrated the importance of developing and evaluating trace metal emission inventories in Asia.Atmosphere 2018, 9, 132 Fund (5-1601) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. The authors appreciate the helpful comments on the coarse-mode speciation of Fe and Mn in CMAQ from Golam Sarwar, Sergey Napelenok, and Kathleen Fahey at the US Environmental Protection Agency.Author Contributions: Syuichi Itahashi developed the sub-model for the aqueous-phase reaction and wrote this paper; Kazuyo Yamaji was the sub-leader of the model inter-comparison, and prepared the meteorological inputs and initial and boundary conditions; Hiroshi Hayami was the sub-leader of the inorganic aerosol measurements and contributed to the sub-model development; Satoru Chatani was the leader of the J-STREAM project, and prepared the emission inputs and discussed the sub-model development. Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Urban Air Quality Model Inter-Comparison Study (UMICS) for Improvement of PM2.5 Simulation in Greater Tokyo Area of Japan

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework

Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework

Aerosol dynamics and gas-particle conversion in dry deposition of inorganic reactive nitrogen in a temperate forest

Refinement of Modeled Aqueous-Phase Sulfate Production via the Fe- and Mn-Catalyzed Oxidation Pathway

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