Urban Ecology and Psychosis: Community Factors in the Incidence of Schizophrenia and Manic-Depression Among Italians in Greater Boston

Mintz, Norbett L.; Schwartz, David T.

doi:10.1177/002076406401000202

Cited by 56 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In this area, with an extremely high concentration of black people, the admission rates of whites were unusually high while at the same time the admission rates of blacks were below average. These results were confirmed by several other studies in the United States [15, 17, 23]. Research on the incidence of schizophrenia [5], deliberate self-harm [20] and suicide rates [19] among ethnic minorities in London also showed an effect of ethnic density, as well as a recent study on the incidence of schizophrenia in the city of The Hague, the Netherlands [32].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Overall, studies on the effect of ethnic density largely confirm the hypothesis that the risk of developing mental health problems in ethnic minorities decreases when the proportion of ethnic minorities in the neighbourhood increases [5, 10, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 32] while for majority members the reverse effect is found, i.e. their risk increases as the proportion ethnic minorities increases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health

Gieling

Vollebergh

Dorsselaer

2009

Soc Psychiat Epidemiol

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ObjectiveThe present study set out to examine the association between ethnic composition of school classes and prevalence of internalising and externalising problem behaviour among ethnic minority and majority students.MethodsData were derived from the Dutch 2002 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional study with a total of 5,730 adolescents, aged 11–18 and attending secondary school, of which 931 belong to ethnic minority groups. The data were analysed using a multilevel regression model.ResultsThe study revealed that, after taking individual characteristics like age, gender, educational level and family affluence into account, ethnic minority students on average report higher levels of externalising but not internalising problems. Ethnic density on the level of school classes modified this difference, as a negative association between the proportion ethnic minority students in class and externalising problem behaviour was found, but only for ethnic minority students. No effect of ethnic composition was found with respect to internalising problem behaviour.ConclusionThe data revealed that ethnic minority students report higher levels of externalising problem behaviour, but only in classes with a minority of ethnic minority students and not in classes with a culturally diverse composition. This points towards a possible beneficial effect of a more culturally diverse environment for minority students. Majority students appeared to be insensitive for the ethnic density effect. Future studies should investigate the role of the ethnic composition of the school class more in-depth.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health

Gieling

Vollebergh

Dorsselaer

2009

Soc Psychiat Epidemiol

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“…These include extreme unhappiness, social behavioral problems, psychosomatic disorders, neurosis, and frank psychotic disorders. On the other hand, on the basis of the finding of an inverse relationship between the size of immigrant group and the rate of mental illness, Mintz and Schwartz (1964) and Murphy (1977) concluded that ethnic groups facilitate immigrants' adaptation and contribute to their psychological well-being by buffering or preventing the stress associated with immigration. In addition to providing support, ethnic groups may reinforce group norms and limit personal growth (Belle, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenting their adolescents: The experiences of Jordanian immigrant women in California

Hattar‐Pollara

Meleis

1995

Health Care for Women International

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Having their children enter adolescence presents new demands on the role functions of Jordanian immigrant women in the United States. Such demands require modifications in traditional parenting approaches. The authors attempted to uncover and describe the experiences of Jordanian immigrant mothers (N = 30) in parenting their adolescents in the United States. Content and narrative analysis revealed the dynamic processes that the mothers used in raising their children. They continuously attempted to balance the need for their teens to maintain a Jordanian ethnic identity and the need for them to become integrated into the new community. Their parenting was driven by an attempt to avoid loss of honor and bad reputation. Four aspects of the maternal role emerged from the analysis: mothering through nurturing the adolescents and promoting cultural identity, disciplining for cultural adherence, advocacy and mediation, and vigilant parenting. The findings support a dynamic interplay between cultural and structural conditions in shaping the experiences of Jordanian immigrant women.

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“…The majority of studies (12/16) report a negative relationship of ethnic density to depression among ethnic and racial minority samples (Das-Munshi et al, 2010a; Gerst et al, 2011a; Halpern & Nazroo, 2000a; Hwang et al, 2000a; Leu et al, 2011; Mair et al, 2010b; Mintz & Schuartz, 1964; Neeleman et al, 2001; G V Ostir et al, 2003b; Pickett et al, 2009; Stafford et al, 2011; Walters et al, 2008), although there is evidence to suggest that the magnitude and direction of the effect is not completely uniform across ethnic groups (e.g., Bangladeshi's (Pickett et al, 2009); Mexicans (Lee, 2009a); and African-Americans; (Mair et al, 2010b). We specifically examine Hispanic ethnic density, as there is some evidence that the prevalence of depression may be higher for Hispanics than non-Hispanic individuals (Xie et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hispanic residential ethnic density and depression in post–acute coronary syndrome patients: Re-thinking the role of social support

Denton

Shaffer

Alcántara

et al. 2014

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Objective The ethnic density hypothesis suggests that ethnic density confers greater social support and consequently protects against depressive symptoms in ethnic minority individuals. However, the potential benefits of ethnic density have not been examined in individuals who are facing a specific and salient life stressor. We examined the degree to which the effects of Hispanic ethnic density on depressive symptoms are explained by socioeconomic resources and social support. Methods Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS, N = 472) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and measures of demographics, ACS clinical factors and disease severity, and perceived social support. Neighborhood characteristics, including median income, number of single-parent households, and Hispanic ethnic density, were extracted from the American Community Survey Census (2005 – 2009) for each patient using his/her geocoded address. Results In a linear regression analysis adjusted for demographic and clinical factors, Hispanic ethnic density was positively associated with depressive symptoms (β = .09, SE = .04, p = .03). However, Hispanic density was no longer a significant predictor of depressive symptoms when measures of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage were controlled. In addition, the effects of Hispanic density were not the same for all groups. The relationship of Hispanic density on depressive symptoms was moderated by nativity status. Among US-born patients with ACS, there was a significant positive relationship between Hispanic density and depressive symptoms, and social support significantly mediated this effect. There was no observed effect of Hispanic density to depressive symptoms for foreign-born ACS patients. Discussion Although previous research suggests that ethnic density may be protective against depression, our data suggest that among patients with ACS, living in a community with a high concentration of Hispanic individuals is associated with constrained social and economic resources which are themselves associated with greater depressive symptoms. These data add to a growing body of literature on the effects of racial or ethnic segregation on health outcomes.

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Urban Ecology and Psychosis: Community Factors in the Incidence of Schizophrenia and Manic-Depression Among Italians in Greater Boston

Cited by 56 publications

References 13 publications

Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health

Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health

Parenting their adolescents: The experiences of Jordanian immigrant women in California

Hispanic residential ethnic density and depression in post–acute coronary syndrome patients: Re-thinking the role of social support

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