Urban evapotranspiration of green spaces in arid regions through two established approaches: a review of key drivers, advancements, limitations, and potential opportunities

Saher, Rubab; Stephen, Haroon; Ahmad, Sajjad

doi:10.1080/1573062x.2020.1857796

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…S0 = baseline precipitation, S1 = 30% increase in magnitude for all precipitation events, S2 = 30% increase in magnitude for spring and fall precipitation events, S3 = 25% increase in magnitude of precipitation events exceeding 5.08 cm. Values are reported in cumulative mm over the 880-day simulation period Evapotranspiration fluxes from urban hedges may be enhanced by greater leaf area and height (Saher et al 2020) and rain gardens are explicitly designed to infiltrate water and increase ET (Hess et al 2017). Greenspaces including rain gardens, turfgrass, and tree canopies provide essential hydrological services by increasing stormwater infiltration and retention in urban ecosystems (Zhang et al 2015;Hoover and Hopton 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating potential hydrological ecosystem services in urban gardens through soil amendment experiments and hydrologic models

2022

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Among the ecosystem services provided by urban greenspace are the retention and infiltration of stormwater, which decreases urban flooding, and enhanced evapotranspiration, which helps mitigate urban heat island effects. Some types of urban greenspace, such as rain gardens and green roofs, are intentionally designed to enhance these hydrologic functions. Urban gardens, while primarily designed for food production and aesthetic benefits, may have similar hydrologic function, due to high levels of soil organic matter that promote infiltration and water holding capacity. We quantified leachate and soil moisture from experimental urban garden plots receiving various soil amendments (high and low levels of manure and municipal compost, synthetic fertilizer, and no inputs) over three years. Soil moisture varied across treatments, with highest mean levels observed in plots receiving manure compost, and lowest in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer. Soil amendment treatments explained little of the variation in weekly leachate volume, but among treatments, high municipal compost and synthetic fertilizer had lowest leachate volumes, and high and low manure compost had slightly higher mean leachate volumes. We used these data to parameterize a simple mass balance hydrologic model, focusing on high input municipal compost and no compost garden plots, as well as reference turfgrass plots. We ran the model for three growing seasons under ambient precipitation and three elevated precipitation scenarios. Garden plots received 12–16% greater total water inputs compared to turfgrass plots because of irrigation, but leachate totals were 20–30% lower for garden plots across climate scenarios, due to elevated evapotranspiration, which was 50–60% higher in garden plots. Within each climate scenario, difference between garden plots which received high levels of municipal compost and garden plots which received no additional compost were small relative to differences between garden plots and turfgrass. Taken together, these results indicate that garden soil amendments can influence water retention, and the high-water retention, infiltration, and evapotranspiration potential of garden soils relative to turfgrass indicates that hydrologic ecosystem services may be an underappreciated benefit of urban gardens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating potential hydrological ecosystem services in urban gardens through soil amendment experiments and hydrologic models

2022

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“…Their results revealed rapid urbanization as one of the major sources of metal pollution. Urban heat island (UHI) effects are another consequence [115,116]. For instance, [117] identified a 1.52 • C average warming effect in Islamabad from 1993 to 2018, due to the city's increased IS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impervious Surfaces Mapping at City Scale by Fusion of Radar and Optical Data through a Random Forest Classifier

2021

Self Cite

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Urbanization increases the amount of impervious surfaces, making accurate information on spatial and temporal expansion trends essential; the challenge is to develop a cost- and labor-effective technique that is compatible with the assessment of multiple geographical locations in developing countries. Several studies have identified the potential of remote sensing and multiple source information in impervious surface quantification. Therefore, this study aims to fuse datasets from the Sentinel 1 and 2 Satellites to map the impervious surfaces of nine Pakistani cities and estimate their growth rates from 2016 to 2020 utilizing the random forest algorithm. All bands in the optical and radar images were resampled to 10 m resolution, projected to same coordinate system and geometrically aligned to stack into a single product. The models were then trained, and classifications were validated with land cover samples from Google Earth’s high-resolution images. Overall accuracies of classified maps ranged from 85% to 98% with the resultant quantities showing a strong linear relationship (R-squared value of 0.998) with the Copernicus Global Land Services data. There was up to 9% increase in accuracy and up to 12 % increase in kappa coefficient from the fused data with respect to optical alone. A McNemar test confirmed the superiority of fused data. Finally, the cities had growth rates ranging from 0.5% to 2.5%, with an average of 1.8%. The information obtained can alert urban planners and environmentalists to assess impervious surface impacts in the cities.

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“…Compared to other urban greenspaces such as raingardens and hedges, our gardens had lower ET uxes (Table 6). Evapotranspiration uxes from urban hedges may be enhanced by greater leaf area and height (Saher et al 2020) and rain gardens are explicitly designed to in ltrate water and increase ET (Hess et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High water retention in urban garden soils leads to reduced leachate and elevated evapotranspiration

Chapman¹,

Small²,

Shrestha

2021

Preprint

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Among the ecosystem services provided by urban greenspace are the retention and infiltration of stormwater, which decreases urban flooding, and enhanced evapotranspiration, which helps mitigate urban heat island effects. Some types of urban greenspace, such as rain gardens and green roofs, are intentionally designed to enhance these hydrologic functions. Urban gardens, while primarily designed for food production and aesthetic benefits, may have similar hydrologic function, due to high levels of soil organic matter that promote infiltration and water holding capacity. We quantified leachate and soil moisture from experimental urban garden plots receiving various soil amendments (high and low levels of manure and municipal compost, synthetic fertilizer, and no inputs) over three years. Soil moisture varied across treatments, with highest mean levels observed in plots receiving manure compost, and lowest in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer. Soil amendment treatments explained little of the variation in weekly leachate volume, but among treatments, high municipal compost and synthetic fertilizer had lowest leachate volumes, and high and low manure compost had slightly higher mean leachate volumes. We used these data to parameterize a simple mass balance hydrologic model, focusing on high input municipal compost and no compost garden plots, as well as reference turfgrass plots. We ran the model for three growing seasons under ambient precipitation and three elevated precipitation scenarios. Garden plots received 12–16% greater total water inputs compared to turfgrass plots because of irrigation, but leachate totals were 20–30% lower for garden plots across climate scenarios, due to elevated evapotranspiration, which was 50–60% higher in garden plots. Within each climate scenario, difference between garden plots which received high levels of municipal compost and garden plots which received no additional compost were small relative to differences between garden plots and turfgrass. Taken together, these results indicate that garden soil amendments can influence water retention, and the high water retention, infiltration, and evapotranspiration potential of garden soils relative to turfgrass indicates that hydrologic ecosystem services may be an underappreciated benefit of urban gardens.

show abstract

Urban evapotranspiration of green spaces in arid regions through two established approaches: a review of key drivers, advancements, limitations, and potential opportunities

Cited by 31 publications

References 99 publications

Investigating potential hydrological ecosystem services in urban gardens through soil amendment experiments and hydrologic models

Investigating potential hydrological ecosystem services in urban gardens through soil amendment experiments and hydrologic models

Impervious Surfaces Mapping at City Scale by Fusion of Radar and Optical Data through a Random Forest Classifier

High water retention in urban garden soils leads to reduced leachate and elevated evapotranspiration

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