“…Among the dynamic modeling approaches, cellular automata (CA) has been one of the most widely used tools for urban growth modeling (Al‐Ahmadi et al, 2009; Batty et al, 1997; Charif et al, 2017; Dragicevic, 2004; Feng & Tong, 2019; Foroutan & Delavar, 2012; Gómez et al, 2020; Itami, 1994; Omrani et al, 2017; Shafizadeh Moghadam & Helbich, 2013; Yeh & Li, 2002). However, despite the obvious characteristics of CA being flexible and powerful for urban growth simulation, the calibration of CA remains the most significant challenge and a subject of considerable research (Aburas et al, 2017; Al‐Ahmadi et al, 2009; Barreira‐González et al, 2019; Dinda et al, 2021; Feng et al, 2011, 2016; Kushwaha et al, 2021; Li & Yeh, 2001; Liao et al, 2016; Rifat & Liu, 2022; Shafizadeh‐Moghadam, 2019; Wu, 2002; Zhou et al, 2017).…”