Urban Mining Systems

Nakamura, Takashi; Halada, Kohmei

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55075-4

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Large amounts of valuable metals accumulated in secondary materials gave rise to a global trend called "urban mining" [1]. Recently, United Nations University reported [2] that annual worldwide generation solely waste electronic and electric equipment (WEEE) exceeded 40 million tonnes worth 52 billion USD, although it is expected that e-waste stream will reach 50 million tonnes by 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Ammoniacal Solutions for Leaching and Electrochemical Dissolution of Metals from Alloys Produced from Low-Grade E-Scrap

Rudnik

2017

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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Paper reports results of the research on the application of ammoniacal solutions (sulfate, chloride, carbonate) for hydrometallurgical treatment of smelted low-grade e-waste. Two Cu-Zn-Sn-Ag-Pb alloys were analyzed in details and discussed. Leaching of copper from the alloys was slow in sulfate solution, but the dissolution rate decreased in chloride and carbonate baths. Anodic alloys dissolution was uniform in sulfate and carbonate electrolytes, but high degradation of the material was observed in chloride bath. Chemical and phase composition of slimes and cathodic deposits produced during electrolysis were characterized. In all cases, separation of copper from other metals was found, but efficiencies of the processes were low.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Ammoniacal Solutions for Leaching and Electrochemical Dissolution of Metals from Alloys Produced from Low-Grade E-Scrap

Rudnik

2017

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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“…Halada et al, 2009;Krook et al, 2011;Brunner, 2011;Cossu, 2013;Lederer et al, 2014;Nakamura & Halada, 2015). The core of this concept is that secondary metal stocks in urban locations constitute a potential alternative resource base in comparison to mountainous ores, and might plausibly be recovered for the benefit of the environment (UNEP 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The economic conditions for urban infrastructure mining: Using GIS to prospect hibernating copper stocks

Wallsten

Magnusson

Krook

2015

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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In this article, we suggest a methodology that combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and material flow analysis (MFA) into a secondary reserve-prospecting tool. The approach is two-phased and couples spatially informed size estimates of urban metal stocks (phase 1) to the equally spatially contingent efforts required to extract them (phase 2). Too often, even the most advanced MFA assessments stop at the first of these two phases, meaning that essential information needed to facilitate resource recovery, i.e. urban mining, is missing from their results. To take MFA one step further, our approach is characterized by a high resolution that connects the analysis of the stock to the social practices that arrange material flows in the city, thereby enabling an assessment of the economic conditions for secondary resource recovery. To exemplify, we provide a case study of the hibernation stock of copper found in disconnected power cables in Linköping, Sweden. Since 1970, 123 tonnes of copper or ≈1 kg per person have accumulated underneath the city, predominantly in old, central parts of the city and industrial areas. While shorter cables are more numerous than long ones, the longer ones contribute to a larger share of the stock weight. Resource recovery in specific projects reliant on digging comes at great costs, but integrating it as an added value to ordinary maintenance operations render eight locations and 2.2 tonnes of copper (2% of the stock) profitable to extract. Compared to the budget sizes of regular maintenance projects, a significant share of the stock comes with relatively small economic losses. Therefore, we suggest integrated resource recovery and regular maintenance as an interesting environmental measure for any infrastructure provider to engage with. 2

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“…For example, the social stock of Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, and Cu account for 69%, 70%, 72%, 60% and 48% of the sum of the social stock and natural reserve as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Source： (Nakamura and Halada, 2015) On the other hand, generation of waste stocks is increasing. In the past century, as the world population has grown and become more urban and affluent, waste production has increased tenfold and is expected to double again by 2025 (Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012).…”

Section: Natural Resource Exploitation and Its Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Japanese metallurgist Nanjo noted that rare earth metals contained in industrial products already exceeded the grade of natural mines. He also defined the area of industrial products accumulated on the surface as urban mines (Nakamura and Halada, 2015;Nanjo, 1987). In China, Yang was the first Chinese scholar to propose the concept of UM and discussed the metal recovery potential of many kinds of scarps and waste, including the aneroid battery and the Albased toothpaste tube (Yang and Li, 1985).…”

Section: Development Of Urban Mining Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First is the estimation of resource potential and size. Urban mines metal stock and flow analysis are frequently observed at a global and national level with the assistance of the material flow analysis method (MFA) (Nakamura and Halada, 2015). Graedel and Cao (2010) developed a national metal metabolism by analysis in 49 countries and territories showing metal stocks were highly correlated to GDP per capita.…”

Section: Development Of Urban Mining Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable urban mining：the case of China

Xue¹

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis Ph.D. journey has been the most inspired part of my life. It could not have been accomplished without support from many colleagues and friends, particularly my supervisor Prof. Hans Bressers at the University of Twente and Prof. Wen Zongguo at Tsinghua University.My special thanks, firstly, go to Hans. Changes in my life and work made me take longer than others to finish this Ph.D. program, but Hans has always been there ready to supervise me and offer advice. He never turned me down whenever and whatever actions I proposed for the study, and always he offered me generous help. He was like a lighthouse during my long and hard Ph.D. voyage. He taught me the spirit of "never give up" in a silent, but warm and firm way. This is the good fortune I will benefit from for life.Thank you, Hans, my doctor-father! Also, my sincere thanks go to Mrs. Mieke Bressers for her support.Also, I offer my special thanks to Prof Wen. Most works of this study were done at Tsinghua University, with the kind and full financial support and day-to-day guidance from Prof Wen. Working with Wen is a treasured experience for me. He has taught me all his academic skills without any reservation, but also he showed me the intelligence, diligence, earnest and self-disciplined character of being a Tsinghua professor. I felt honored to have had the opportunity to work with a top scholar in China. The Tsinghua II spirit you taught me benefits my life. Thank you, Prof. Wen, my life long teacher, and friend. I would like to thank CSTM colleagues for your kind help. Barbera van Dalm-Grobben, thank you for the endless efforts helping with all the organization work for finalizing and defending. Bryan Spooner, thank you for your help with English editing and always the prompt response. Also, I want to thank many other colleagues who have helped me during my stay and my coming visit for the defense of this final Ph.D. dissertation. I would like to thank colleagues at the Circular Economy Research Center of Tsinghua University for all those unforgettable moments of team work, achievement, day and night report writing together, exchange of research skills, and sharing of our life stories.

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Urban Mining Systems

Abstract: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and TechnologyMore information about this series at

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Application of Ammoniacal Solutions for Leaching and Electrochemical Dissolution of Metals from Alloys Produced from Low-Grade E-Scrap

Application of Ammoniacal Solutions for Leaching and Electrochemical Dissolution of Metals from Alloys Produced from Low-Grade E-Scrap

The economic conditions for urban infrastructure mining: Using GIS to prospect hibernating copper stocks

Sustainable urban mining：the case of China

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Urban Mining Systems

Abstract: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and TechnologyMore information about this series at

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Application of Ammoniacal Solutions for Leaching and Electrochemical Dissolution of Metals from Alloys Produced from Low-Grade E-Scrap

Application of Ammoniacal Solutions for Leaching and Electrochemical Dissolution of Metals from Alloys Produced from Low-Grade E-Scrap

The economic conditions for urban infrastructure mining: Using GIS to prospect hibernating copper stocks

Sustainable urban mining&#65306;the case of China

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Sustainable urban mining：the case of China