Urban outdoor water use and response to drought assessed through mobile energy balance and vegetation greenness measurements

Liang, Limin; Anderson, Ray G.; Shiflett, Sheri A.; Jenerette, G. Darrel

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7b21

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Urban land use typically exemplifies a shift to impervious land cover, including concrete, asphalt, gravel cover, and buildings, and landscaping that involves native and nonnative plants (e.g., Cook et al, 2012;Grimm et al, 2008;Wu et al, 2011). The outdoor water supporting urban vegetation in arid regions where precipitation is infrequent, for instance, promotes a higher degree of plant biodiversity (Buyantuyev & Wu, 2012;Hope et al, 2003), improves the local thermal comfort (Gober et al, 2010;Song & Wang, 2015), affects the soil water balance (Volo et al, , 2015, and induces higher evaporative losses (Liang et al, 2017;Litvak et al, 2017). Modeling studies have also shown that the material, thermal, and hydrologic properties of urban surfaces, such as roofs, green spaces, and buildings, impact energy and water exchanges with the atmosphere (e.g., Arnfield, 2003;Benson-Lira et al, 2016;Georgescu et al, 2009;Grimmond & Oke, 2002;Grimmond et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2012;Shaffer et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intraurban studies have been conducted in European cities (Christen & Voogt, 2004;Offerle et al, 2006) to explore energy partitioning and the surface energy balance (SEB), with an emphasis on comparing across different urban land covers and to nearby rural areas. Nevertheless, few studies have observed the effects of different types of urban land covers on the SEB in arid and semiarid environments and the partitioning of turbulent fluxes in a comparative manner such that the effects of precipitation and outdoor water use can be discerned (e.g., Best & Grimmond, 2016;Coutts et al, 2007;Liang et al, 2017). grass) and xeric (drip irrigated trees with gravel cover) landscaping (e.g., Song & Wang, 2015;Volo et al, 2014;Yang & Wang, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes Over Different Urban Land Covers in Phoenix, Arizona

et al. 2018

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The impact of urbanization on water and energy fluxes varies according to the characteristics of the urban patch type. Nevertheless, urban flux observations are limited, particularly in arid climates, given the wide variety of land cover present in cities. To help address this need, a mobile eddy covariance tower was deployed at three locations in Phoenix, Arizona, to sample the surface energy balance at a parking lot, a xeric landscaping (irrigated trees with gravel) and a mesic landscaping (irrigated turf grass). These deployments were compared to a stationary eddy covariance tower in a suburban neighborhood. A comparison of the observations revealed key differences between the mobile and reference sites tied to the urban land cover within the measurement footprints. For instance, the net radiation varied substantially among the sites in manners consistent with albedo and shallow soil temperature differences. The partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat fluxes was modulated strongly by the presence of outdoor water use, with the irrigated turf grass exhibiting the highest evaporative fraction. At this site, we identified a lack of sensitivity of turbulent flux partitioning to precipitation events, which suggests that frequent outdoor water use removes water limitations in an arid climate, thus leading to mesic conditions. Other urban land covers with less irrigation, however, exhibited sensitivity to the occurrence of precipitation, as expected for an arid climate. As a result, quantifying the frequency and magnitude of outdoor water use is critical for understanding evapotranspiration losses in arid urban areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes Over Different Urban Land Covers in Phoenix, Arizona

et al. 2018

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“…A home with a smaller garden footprint would be expected to have a lower water use than a similar home with a relatively larger garden footprint. A number of other variables also influence outdoor water use, including, for example, the type of vegetation (Liang et al, 2017. ), climatic variables such as rainfall and evaporation (Mashhadi Ali et al, 2017), irrigation efficiency, and also the ratio of under-and over-irrigation (Czeslaw et al, 2016).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Garden footprint area and water use of gated communities in South Africa

Plessis

Knox

Jacobs

2020

WSA

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Gated community homes in South Africa are popular amongst property buyers in urban environments such as cities and metropoles due to the increased security and lifestyle improvements offered. Garden design and layout requirements are prescribed in architectural guidelines compiled by the homeowners associations of these communities. Garden footprint area in gated community homes is of importance to researchers and planners, because of the influence on water use. This study used a quantitative approach to evaluate the spatial data of garden footprint area as a percentage of total plot area for 1 813 gated community homes in different regions of South Africa. The research reviewed how garden footprint area is prescribed and how it is applied in gated community homes. The impact of garden footprint area on water use was also analysed. The results were compared to relevant information lifted from specific architectural design guidelines developed for each gated community. Data from 11 gated communities were analysed and the average garden footprint area was found to be 36% of the total plot area. Gated community homes with a garden area smaller than 100 m2 were found to have limited influence on monthly water consumption, while the water use of gated community homes with a larger garden footprint area increased proportionally with garden footprint area. The seasonal fluctuation of water use is illustrative of garden irrigation and other outdoor water use. The results provided useful input for incorporation in outdoor water use modelling of gated community homes.

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“…For observation of the overall ET, many algorithms assume that the ratio of latent heat to available energy or actual ET to potential ET remains constant between images (Bastiaanssen et al, 1998;Allen et al, 2007). This assumption has been shown to be valid across a variety of land surfaces (Cragoa and Brutsaert, 1996;Anderson and Goulden, 2009;Liang et al, 2017). However, it is clear that the ratio of E and T varies diurnally relative to the available energy and potential ET.…”

Section: Advances In Remote Sensing Of Partitioned Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Partitioning of Evapotranspiration for Application to Vadose Zone Studies

Anderson

Zhang

Skaggs

2017

Vadose Zone Journal

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Partitioning evapotranspiration (ET) into its constituent components, evaporation (E) and transpiration (T), is important for numerous hydrological purposes including assessing impacts of management practices on water use efficiency and improved validation of vadose zone models that parameterize E and T separately. However, most long-established observational techniques have short observational timescales and spatial footprints, raising questions about the representativeness of these measurements. In the past 15 yr, new approaches have allowed ET partitioning at spatial scales ranging from the pedon to the globe and at long timescales. In this update, we review some recent methodological developments for partitioning ET. These include micrometeorological approaches involving the flux variance partitioning of high-frequency eddy covariance observations and proxies for photosynthesis and transpiration such as measurements of isotopic fractionation and carbonyl sulfide uptake. We discuss advances in partitioning the energy balance between canopy and soil using remote sensing. We conclude that the flux variance partitioning with raw eddy covariance data and the two-source energy balance approaches with remote sensing platforms may have the greatest potential for partitioning ET, in part because large public repositories of eddy covariance and satellite data could be readily reprocessed to partition ET.Abbreviations: COS, carbonyl sulfide; CRDS, cavity ring-down spectroscopy; ECV, eddy covariance; ET, evapotranspiration; FVP, flux variance partitioning; ICOS, integrated cavity output spectroscopy; TSEB, two-source energy balance; UAV, unmanned aerial vehicle; WUE, water use efficiency.Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the largest hydrologic fluxes on Earth, accounting for approximately 60% of terrestrial precipitation globally (Haddeland et al., 2011) or about 6.5 to 6.8 ´ 10 4 km 3 water yr −1 (Oki and Kanae, 2006;Jung et al., 2010;Miralles et al., 2011). Evapotranspiration is clearly one of the most important boundary conditions for vadose zone studies, and it is well recognized that there are numerous controls on the amount of ET, including meteorological and vegetation conditions (Williams et al., 2012;Puma et al., 2013) and soil moisture Jung et al., 2010). Depending on the temporal and spatial scale, ET can be observed with a wide variety of techniques including lysimetry (Gee and Hillel, 1988;Poss et al., 2004;Johnson et al., 2005), micrometeorology (including eddy covariance) (Snyder et al., 1996;Todd et al., 2000;Hemakumara et al., 2003;Williams et al., 2004), satellite remote sensing (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998;Allen et al., 2007;Senay et al., 2013), water balance (Wilson et al., 2001;Zeng et al., 2014), or a combination approach (Nagler et al., 2005;Anderson and Goulden, 2009;Goulden et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2015). Evapotranspiration can be modeled with a variety of models, ranging from complex, mechanistic equations (Monteith, 1965) to simple, empirical formulae (Makkink, 1957;Hargreaves and Samani, 1985...

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Urban outdoor water use and response to drought assessed through mobile energy balance and vegetation greenness measurements

Cited by 17 publications

References 47 publications

Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes Over Different Urban Land Covers in Phoenix, Arizona

Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes Over Different Urban Land Covers in Phoenix, Arizona

Garden footprint area and water use of gated communities in South Africa

Measurement and Partitioning of Evapotranspiration for Application to Vadose Zone Studies

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