Urban-Rural Differences in Major Mental Health Conditions

Solmi, Francesca; Dykxhoorn, Jennifer; Kirkbride, James

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0752-1_7-1

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 232 publications

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“…One review in this area identified a stark urban–rural difference in suicide rates, whereby worldwide rates of suicide were highest in urban areas [ 13 ]. However, these figures reflect a one-dimensional conceptualisation of suicide that also masks potential between-country differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Urban Living on Suicidality and Self-Harm in the UK and Ireland

et al. 2022

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We conducted a systematic review to answer the following: (a) Is there any evidence to support increased prevalence of suicidality and self-harm (i.e. self-harm or suicidality) in urban versus rural environments? (b) What aspects of the urban environment pose risk for suicidality and self-harm? Thirty-five studies met our criteria. Our findings reflect a mixed picture, but with a tendency for urban living to be associated with an increased risk of suicidality and self-harm over rural living, particularly for those living in deprived areas. Further research should focus on the clustering and additive effects of risk and protective factors for suicidality and self-harm in urban environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Urban Living on Suicidality and Self-Harm in the UK and Ireland

et al. 2022

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“…The study revealed no consistent sex difference for different age groups in either the urban or the rural cohort in India [19]. A tendency to earlier onset in males with a peak incidence in the early twenties in contrast with the late twenties or early thirties in females has been consistently asserted [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evaluation of the Pharmacotherapeutic Pattern for Treating Schizophrenia in Bangladesh

Islam

Sohan

Ahmed

et al. 2020

PBR

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Background: Studies of the pharmacotherapeutic pattern on schizophrenic patients are few clinical therapy is one of the bases for the assessment of the treatment of Schizophrenia. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the demographics of these patients along with current trends of drug prescribing practice in Bangladesh. Methods: This survey was conducted over 6 months at the National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 250 subjects were investigated and their prescriptions were verified to obtain necessary information regarding pharmacotherapy. Non-cooperation and negative consent lead to exclusion from the study sample. Results: Out of 250 patients, the frequency of female patients was higher (54.4%) than that of the male patients (45.6%). Therefore, the gender ratio was female-biased. We found that 63.6% of the patients suffering from schizophrenia were above 25 years old. The treatment approach of schizophrenia includes pharmacotherapy and or psychotherapy. In this study, we found that the highest medication used in the treatment was antipsychotic drugs (n=388, 46.58%) followed by anticholinergic drugs (n=217, 26.05%) and anxiolytic drugs (n=172, 20.65%). Conclusion: The overall prescribing method for schizophrenia in Bangladesh complies with the authorized practiced guidelines and treatment pattern of the developed countries as well as authorized guidelines.

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“…We did observe an association between negative symptoms and greater social fragmentation at birth, although the specificity of this finding to psychosis requires consideration; several negative symptom dimensions, including anhedonia, anergia, and avolition might be common to depression. 54 Although the evidence linking the social environment to depression is more mixed than for psychosis, 55,56 a recent Dutch cross-sectional study found that neighborhood social characteristics, including low socioeconomic status and the proportion of people on benefits, were associated with rates of depression, but that population density was not. 29 In the ALSPAC sample, we have also previously shown that low levels of maternally reported neighborhood cohesion and high levels of neighborhood stress in childhood predict offspring depressive symptoms at age 18 years.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighbourhood characteristics at birth and positive and negative psychotic symptoms in adolescence: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort

Solmi¹,

Kirkbride²

2018

Preprint

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Objective: Urban birth is associated with risk of non-affective psychoses. While emerging evidence suggests that this association is also apparent for subclinical positive psychotic phenomena in the general population, few studies have considered which specific aspects of the urban environment predict risk, or whether these factors also increase the likelihood of negative symptoms. Method: Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, linked to census geographical indicators, we examined whether population density, deprivation, inequality, and social fragmentation at birth were associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms at age 16 and 18 years, respectively. We used logistic regression models, controlling for child’s ethnicity, maternal age, education, marital status, social class, depressive symptoms, other neighbourhood exposures, and, in sensitivity analyses, polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia in a sub-sample of children of white ethnicity (N=10,283). Results: Amongst 11,879 adolescents, those born in the most densely populated tertile had greater odds of reporting positive psychotic experiences, after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio (OR): 1.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.14 – 2.17). Adolescents born in the most socially fragmented neighbourhoods had greater odds of negative symptoms, after multivariable adjustment (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.06 – 1.85). These associations were not confounded by schizophrenia PRS. There was no evidence of any other associations. Discussion: Birth into more densely populated and socially fragmented environments increased risk of positive and negative psychotic phenomena in adolescence. Our findings suggest that different forms of neighbourhood social adversity impinge on different psychopathophysiologies associated with the clinical expression of psychosis.

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Urban-Rural Differences in Major Mental Health Conditions

Cited by 10 publications

References 232 publications

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Urban Living on Suicidality and Self-Harm in the UK and Ireland

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Urban Living on Suicidality and Self-Harm in the UK and Ireland

Evaluation of the Pharmacotherapeutic Pattern for Treating Schizophrenia in Bangladesh

Neighbourhood characteristics at birth and positive and negative psychotic symptoms in adolescence: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort

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