Urban–rural differences in motor vehicle crash fatality and hospitalization rates among children and youth

Kmet, Leanne; Macarthur, Colin

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.07.007

Cited by 98 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Additionally, we adjusted for ''urban/rural status,'' as urban/rural status is associated with motor vehicle injuries [32,33]. Urban/rural status comprised three levels: (1) Large cities, (2) Middle-sized towns, and (3) Small towns/ rural areas.…”

Section: Demographic Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of neighbourhood and individual factors on injury risk in the entire Swedish population: a 12-month multilevel follow-up study

Sundquist

Johansson

2008

Eur J Epidemiol

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In this cumulative incidence study of the entire population of Sweden, we examined the association between neighbourhood income level and injury risks across a comprehensive set of individual variables. The population, stratified by age (0-14, 15-64, and > or =65 years), was followed for incident injury events in 1998. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the associations between neighbourhood income level and injury, including deaths from injury. Risks were analyzed, taking individual demographic and socioeconomic variables and alcohol/substance abuse into account. Falls were the most frequent non-fatal injuries in all age groups. People (0-14 years and 15-64 years) in the most deprived neighbourhoods exhibited higher odds of injuries (OR = 1.15; CI = 1.08-1.22 and OR = 1.34; CI = 1.26-1.43, respectively) than those in the same age groups in the most affluent neighbourhoods (OR = 1). In the full model, injury odds ratios decreased but remained significant in people 0-14 years. The large between-neighbourhood variance in all age groups indicated variation between neighbourhoods in injury incidence. Our results suggest that interventions focused on contextual aspects of neighbourhoods, in addition to individual behaviours, may have a positive impact on injury prevention.

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Section: Demographic Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of neighbourhood and individual factors on injury risk in the entire Swedish population: a 12-month multilevel follow-up study

Sundquist

Johansson

2008

Eur J Epidemiol

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“…A number of stressful events are more common among rural adolescents as compared with their urban peers, and may be especially likely to precipitate dropout in rural schools. They include injuries caused by car crashes, pregnancies, and substance abuse (Kmet & Macarthur, 2006;Lambert, Gale, & Hartley, 2008;National Campaign to Prevent Teen Preganancy, 2013). In addition to urban/rural differences, other forms of regional dynamics and divisions between jurisdiction, such as states and countries, could be relevant because of variations in educational policies (Lamb, Markussen, Teese, Sandberg, & Polesel, 2011;Sampson, 2012).…”

Section: Geographical Context: Larger Urban/rural Dynamics Concentramentioning

confidence: 99%

Stressors and Turning Points in High School and Dropout

Dupéré

Leventhal

Dion

et al. 2015

Review of Educational Research

138

103

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High school dropout is commonly seen as the result of a long-term process of failure and disengagement. As useful as it is, this view has obscured the heterogeneity of pathways leading to dropout. Research suggests, for instance, that some students leave school not as a result of protracted difficulties but in response to situations that emerge late in their schooling careers, such as health problems or severe peer victimization. Conversely, others with a history of early difficulties persevere when their circumstances improve during high school. Thus, an adequate understanding of why and when students drop out requires a consideration of both long-term vulnerabilities and proximal disruptive events and contingencies. The goal of this review is to integrate long-term and immediate determinants of dropout by proposing a stress process, life course model of dropout. This model is also helpful for understanding how the determinants of dropout vary across socioeconomic conditions and geographical and historical contexts. There have been repeated calls in the scientific literature to consider high school dropout not as an event but as a process (see Christenson & Thurlow, 2004;Rumberger, 2011). In this view, dropout is the endpoint of a long trajectory of disengagement starting as soon as, and even before, children enter school. This long-term approach has led to breakthroughs in our understanding of the roots of dropout. Longitudinal studies spanning the first two decades of life have illuminated the role that early family circumstances and school experiences play in putting some children on a high-risk trajectory for dropout (e. Beechum, 2014). Understanding the causes of dropout among students who do not follow a clearly identified pathway out of school is necessary to tailor interventions to their needs (Feinstein & Peck, 2008). Among these dropouts, precipitating factors (i.e., situations emerging for high school students not long before the decision to dropout is made) could play an important role (e.g., see Bowers & Sprott, 2012b; America's Promise Alliance, 2014).In addition, even among students already considered at risk when they enter high school, there is considerable heterogeneity in terms of timing and outcomes, with some leaving school later than others and others unexpectedly graduating (Bowers, Sprott, & Taff, 2013;Vitaro, Larocque, Janosz, & Tremblay, 2001). This heterogeneity could be determined in part by circumstances emerging late in students' schooling careers. In fact, improved circumstances in adolescence can close wide achievement gaps established during the elementary school years (Dobbie & Fryer, 2011). Conversely, peak vulnerability could arise when early failure intersects with challenging circumstances in high school, such as when students are under important stress or are offered new opportunities incompatible with schooling (e.g., a full-time job). Attention to such precipitating factors among students following a recognizable long-term problematic path could contribute to a ...

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“…This trend is also seen in Alberta. Between 1997 and 2002 rural children in Alberta were five times more likely to die as a result of an MVC than urban children were, and three times more likely to be admitted to a hospital for a serious injury (Kmet et al, 2006). Injury rates resulting from MVCs also vary by age and sex.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Motor Vehicle Injuries In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Injury rates resulting from MVCs also vary by age and sex. In one study, death and hospitalization rates were highest among 15 -19 year olds compared with younger children (Kmet et al, 2006). Graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs have been shown to reduce the youngest drivers crash risk by 20 -40% .…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Motor Vehicle Injuries In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, among children and youth specifically, MVCs are the leading cause of injury mortality (Kmet et al, 2006;. More than 240,000 injuries and 3,300 deaths caused by MVCs occurred in Canada each year (Kmet et al, 2003), and of these, approximately 68 children under the age of 14 years died, and an estimated 880 were seriously injured .…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Motor Vehicle Injuries In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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133 Canadian child safety report card: a comparison of injury prevention practices across provinces

Fridman

Fraser‐Thomas

Pike

et al. 2016

Child and Adolescent Safety

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Background Health-based report cards have been used as a tool to disseminate research findings to parents, government agencies, stakeholders, and the general public. In Canada, health-based report cards such as the Canadian Pediatric Society's report provides a comparison of how provinces measure up to one another on a number of health-based indicators. However, few child health report cards discuss implications for primary prevention policy or practice. MethodsThe Canadian Child Safety Report Card was developed in three studies using data from the Discharge Abstract Database and provincial coronial data. Interprovincial comparisons were made of measures of morbidity and mortality in chapters two and three. Chapter two focuses on external causes of injury such as falls, poisonings, burns, suffocation, and drowning. Chapter three focuses on transport-related injuries including occupants, cyclists, and pedestrians.Population based morbidity and mortality rates per 100,000 were calculated for children/youth 0-19 years. Percent change in hospitalization and death rates were reported over the 7-year study period (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). Chapter four ranks provinces to one another through morbidity, mortality, and injury policy measures using evidence-based criteria.Results In Canada, Saskatchewan was the province with the highest rate of injury hospitalization per 100,000 between 2006 and 2012, but incidence decreased from 967 to 852 over the 7-year period, despite not having policies that meet best practice. Ontario had the lowest rate of injury hospitalization per 100,000, however the incidence rate increased slightly from 451 to 479. Only British Columbia decreased the incidence of injuries compared to the Canadian average. The rate decreased from 667 to 515 between 2006 and 2012. This change in incidence over time is observed in a province that complied with best practice evidence-based injury prevention policies. Similar trends were seen in mortality data across provinces.iii

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Urban–rural differences in motor vehicle crash fatality and hospitalization rates among children and youth

Cited by 98 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of neighbourhood and individual factors on injury risk in the entire Swedish population: a 12-month multilevel follow-up study

Effects of neighbourhood and individual factors on injury risk in the entire Swedish population: a 12-month multilevel follow-up study

Stressors and Turning Points in High School and Dropout

133 Canadian child safety report card: a comparison of injury prevention practices across provinces

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