Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India—The WHO–ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance

Mohan, Viswanathan; Mathur, Prashant; Deepa, R; Deepa, Mohan; Shukla, Dinkar; Menon, Geetha R.; Krishnan, Anand; Desai, Ninad; Joshi, Prashant; Mahanta, J; Thankappan, KR; Shah, Bela

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.11.018

Cited by 252 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It was conducted in three steps: (i) constructing a measure of urbanicity using a validated scale 8 based on data from the Census of India 2001; (ii) calculating the prevalence of NCD risk factors in seven study areas in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, by using data from an NCD risk factor surveillance survey conducted locally in 2003-2004 as part of a larger study 9 ; and (iii) testing for an association between urbanicity and the prevalence of NCD risk factors in the study areas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of urbanization and noncommunicable disease risk factors in Tamil Nadu, India

Allender

Lacey

Webster

et al. 2009

Bull. World Health Organ.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of urbanization and noncommunicable disease risk factors in Tamil Nadu, India

Allender

Lacey

Webster

et al. 2009

Bull. World Health Organ.

Self Cite

114

113

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“…A large risk factor surveillance study conducted in India found that the prevalence of diabetes was two and a half times higher in urban areas when compared to rural areas. 17 Popkin and Gordan-Larsen 18 describe "nutrition transition" as a recent and rapid change in the diet among populations of many developing countries, with increases in the consumption of foods sourced from animals, caloric sweeteners, and fat. Drewnoswski and Popkin 19 show that the use of caloric sweeteners (including sugars and other sweeteners derived from cereals, fruits, milk, and so on) increases with the gross national product per capita of a country.…”

Section: Introduction Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Urbanization as a Risk Factor for Noncommunicable Disease

et al. 2011

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The aim of this study was to investigate the poorly understood relationship between the process of urbanization and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Sri Lanka using a multicomponent, quantitative measure of urbanicity. NCD prevalence data were taken from the Sri Lankan Diabetes and Cardiovascular Study, comprising a representative sample of people from seven of the nine provinces in Sri Lanka (n=4,485/ 5,000; response rate=89.7%). We constructed a measure of the urban environment for seven areas using a 7-item scale based on data from study clusters to develop an "urbanicity" scale. The items were population size, population density, and access to markets, transportation, communications/media, economic factors, environment/sanitation, health, education, and housing quality. Linear and logistic regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between urbanicity and chronic disease risk factors. Among men, urbanicity was positively associated with physical inactivity (odds ratio [OR]=3.22; 2.27-4.57), high body mass index (OR=2.45; 95% CI, 1.88-3.20) and diabetes mellitus (OR=2.44; 95% CI, 1.66-3.57). Among women, too, urbanicity was positively associated with physical inactivity (OR=2.29; 95% CI, 1.64-3.21), high body mass index (OR=2.92; 95% CI, 2.41-3.55), and diabetes mellitus (OR=2.10; 95% CI, 1.58 -2.80). There is a clear relationship between urbanicity and common modifiable risk factors for chronic disease in a representative sample of Sri Lankan adults.

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“…Global diabetes prevalence is estimated at 171 million and is projected to more than double, to 366 million, by 2030 [9]. Countries with the highest numbers of diabetes cases include India, China, USA, Indonesia and Japan [9][10][11]. The greatest relative increases in diabetes incidence rates are predicted to occur in India, sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East [9].…”

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Diabesity: therapeutic options

Colagiuri¹

2010

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

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A pathogenic relationship exists between type 2 diabetes and obesity. Over the last decade, the escalation in diabetes cases has paralleled the rapid increase in obesity rates, constituting a global health crisis. Environmental risk factors attributed to the global increase in obesity include the consumption of high-calorie, high-fat foods and inadequate physical activity. Obese individuals may also have a genetic predisposition for obesity. Both diabetes and obesity confer an elevated risk of developing a range of complications and comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, which can complicate disease management. This review examines the aetiology of the linkages between diabetes and obesity and the range of available therapies. Recent clinical evidence substantiating the efficacy and safety of incretin-based antidiabetic therapies is analysed, in addition to data on antiobesity therapeutic strategies, such as antiobesity agents, behaviour modification and bariatric surgery. Glucose control is often accompanied by weight-neutral or modest weight reduction effects with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin) and weight loss with GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy (exenatide, liraglutide). Studies of antiobesity agents including orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant have shown attrition rates of 30-40%, and the long-term effects of these agents remain unknown. Bariatric surgical procedures commonly performed are laparoscopic adjustable banding of the stomach and the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and have produced type 2 diabetes remission rates of up to 73%. Therapeutic strategies that integrate glycaemic control and weight loss will assume greater importance as the prevalence of diabetes and obesity increase. Keywords: DPP-4, exenatide, GLP-1 analogue, human, incretin, liraglutide, once-daily, type 2 diabetes mellitus Date submitted 2 June 2009; date of first decision 2 November 2009; date of final acceptance 4 November 2009 IntroductionThe term 'diabesity', coined by Sims and colleagues [1] in the 1970s, describes the strong link between type 2 diabetes and obesity [1,2]. As evidence of this pathogenic interrelationship continues to accumulate, so does the appearance of the term in the clinical literature. A large body of clinical evidence attests to the relationship between being overweight or obese and being at an elevated risk for development of type 2 diabetes [3][4][5][6][7]. The risk escalates with the degree of excess weight, increasing threefold with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0-29.9 kg/m 2 and 20-fold with a BMI over 30 kg/m 2 [4]. In particular, abdominal fat accumulation exacerbates insulin resistance and confers a strong, independent risk of developing diabetes [8]. Global diabetes prevalence is estimated at 171 million and is projected to more than double, to 366 million, by 2030 [9]. Countries with the highest numbers of diabetes cases include India, China, USA, Indonesia and Japan [9][10][11]. The greatest relative increases in diabetes incide...

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Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India—The WHO–ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance

Cited by 252 publications

References 27 publications

Level of urbanization and noncommunicable disease risk factors in Tamil Nadu, India

Level of urbanization and noncommunicable disease risk factors in Tamil Nadu, India

Quantifying Urbanization as a Risk Factor for Noncommunicable Disease

Diabesity: therapeutic options

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