Urban sanitation in India: key shifts in the national policy frame

Wankhade, Kavita

doi:10.1177/0956247814567058

Cited by 58 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…According to the field observation, on an average 30 to 50 families are dependent on a public toilet block. As Wankhade (2015) mentioned that within a particular city, there are inequalities in access to services based on socioeconomic conditions and urban poor households are more likely to suffer from the unavailability of sanitation provisions. A similar picture can be seen in the Darjeeling city too.…”

Section: A Glance Of the Sanitation Conditions Of Darjeeling Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…People in developing countries suffer from many diseases and difficulties. Moreover, inadequate access to water and sanitation (GDG, 2002;Wankhade, 2015) makes these problems far worse. Diarrhoeal diseases, typhoid, trachoma, schistosomiasis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, intestinal worms, child mortality, death during pregnancy, maternal health, menstrual hygiene, urinary infections, etc., are associated with the unavailability of safe sanitation provisions.…”

Section: Health Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls

Koner¹

2018

SACI

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By the end of the Millennium Development Goal's target year, 2015, India had been declared as a country, which has made moderate progress in terms of improvement in basic sanitation provision for all. Yet open defecation is still a regular practice of a significant proportion of the population in both urban and rural areas. The Indian government has been trying to address this problem for the last three decades through different programmes. However, though the effort is laudable, in reality, the countrywide situation is not so praiseworthy. Lack of sanitation provisions affects people in different ways with different intensities along the lines of class, gender, age, disability, and marginality. In Darjeeling city, due to lack of proper sanitation facilities, a significant portion of the population uses public toilets, which are less in number compared to the demand. People face a variety of difficulties and hurdles in using public toilets, and as a result, continue to practice open defecation during the night and early morning. Among the users, women and adolescent girls suffer more than the others. Moreover, in this city, a significant portion of the population faces acute water crisis during the dry months. This empirical study tries to explore the different ways through which women and adolescent girls are affected by the lack of safe sanitation facilities within the house premises. The article also argues that lack of sanitation provision should be considered as a matter of violence against women and adolescent girls because the situation makes them vulnerable to the risk of being violated or sexually abused.

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Section: A Glance Of the Sanitation Conditions Of Darjeeling Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls

Koner¹

2018

SACI

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“…In Bhopal a broadly pro-poor State government had previously demonstrated commitment to low-income households, but housing was not a priority for this group, 44 The erstwhile State of Andhra Pradesh has been sub-divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, with the capital city of Hyderabad going to Telangana, since June 2014. 45 Wankhade (2015) provides evidence that this is the case for sanitation in India. because many enjoyed some form of secure tenure.…”

Section: Development Helpsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Understanding the Contribution of the BSUP (JNNURM) to Inclusive Cities in India

Burra¹,

Mitlin

Menon

2018

SSRN Journal

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The Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) sub-Mission of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) sought to address the needs of some of the lowest-income and most vulnerable urban dwellers in Indian cities. The promise was that these residents would receive 'a garland of 7 entitlements' -security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education and social security in low-income settlements in the 63 Mission cities. We researched the outcomes of the BSUP in five Indian cities (Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Patna, Pune and Visakhapatnam), which were selected because of their diversity. They presented a wide range of socio-economic contexts and economic development and also differed in the nature and extent of civil society involvement in BSUP programming.The research findings analysed outcomes of the BSUP interventions and addressed the significance of State capacities, commitments and vision for urban development for these outcomes. The analysis then considered the 'drivers of capacity, commitment and vision'. The vision (or idea) of urban development emerged as a significant indicator of outcomes. In practice, the BSUP became a housing programme. The extent to which informal settlement upgrading was preferred over resettlement and site redevelopment with the construction of medium-rise apartments made a significant difference to the satisfaction of residents. Also important, and particularly exemplified by experiences in Pune, was willingness to work with civil society organisations, incorporating their expertise and skills. However, these were not present in all cities. Residents in Bhopal and Visakhapatnam may face particular affordability challenges due to high levels of debt incurred through participation in the BSUP.In summary, BSUP experiences and outcomes provide evidence of the significance of vision capacity and commitment. While in part these are determined by levels of economic and institutional development, they are also influenced by government willingness to collaborate with civil society agencies with appropriate experiences and skills.

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“…In particular, many cities in low-and middle-income countries face pressures to expand sewerage, but are not able to provide adequate collection and treatment systems. For example, in India, only one-third of urban households are connected to a sewerage network, and of this more than two-thirds of wastewater generated is released untreated [8]. Untreated wastewater threatens the health of surrounding human communities and ecosystems by spreading infectious diseases and degrading water quality, and thus cannot be considered safe or sustainable-but would be counted as improved sanitation.…”

Section: Poor Access and Dysfunctional Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas

2016

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While sanitation is fundamental for health and wellbeing, cities of all sizes face growing challenges in providing safe, affordable and functional sanitation systems that are also sustainable. Factors such as limited political will, inadequate technical, financial and institutional capacities and failure to integrate safe sanitation systems into broader urban development have led to a persistence of unsustainable systems and missed opportunities to tackle overlapping and interacting urban challenges. This paper reviews challenges associated with providing sanitation systems in urban areas and explores ways to promote sustainable sanitation in cities. It focuses on opportunities to stimulate sustainable sanitation approaches from a resource recovery perspective, generating added value to society while protecting human and ecosystem health. We show how, if integrated within urban development, sustainable sanitation has great potential to catalyse action and contribute to multiple sustainable development goals.

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Urban sanitation in India: key shifts in the national policy frame

Cited by 58 publications

References 15 publications

Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls

Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls

Understanding the Contribution of the BSUP (JNNURM) to Inclusive Cities in India

Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas

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