Urban Sprawl Sustainability of Mountainous Cities in the Context of Climate Change Adaptability Using a Coupled Coordination Model: A Case Study of Chongqing, China

Abstract

In recent years, a noticeable contradiction has emerged between the disorderly sprawl and fragile climate environment of many cities, especially in mountainous cities. Therefore, this paper respectively constructed evaluation indicators for urban sprawl sustainability (USS) and climate change adaptability (CCA). Next, a coupling coordination degree model was used to measure the coordinated development of USS and CCA. Finally, this paper analyzed the coordinated development type of USS and CCA in the Chongqing metropolitan area from 2007 to 2017. The results of this paper show that USS and CCA have gradually shifted to coordinated development in the Chongqing metropolitan area during the study period. However, there were obvious regional differences in the type of coordinated development in the Chongqing metropolitan area. The coordinated development degree of USS and CCA in nine districts ranged from 0.635 to 0.721 in 2017. It can be divided into three types: slightly coordinated development with lagging CCA; slightly coordinated development with lagging USS; and moderately coordinated development with lagging CCA. Those districts should give priority to the use of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), and multi-center and multi-group approaches to enhance the coordinated development between USS and CCA, which is also helpful for mountainous cities in China and other countries. decline of urban climate change adaptability. Therefore, ways to urban sprawl sustainability while adapting to climate change have become a key issue in urban sustainable development.Mountainous cities are cities that are distributed mainly in mountainous areas, hills and rugged plateaus, which have different urban morphologies and ecological environments than plains and plateau cities [10]. Constrained by their own unique geological, hydrological, land, ecological environments, and natural resources, mountain cities are characterized by high sensitivity, weak compressive capacity, and poor self-adaptability [10,11]. In specific times and spaces, compared with other types of cities, mountainous cities are more vulnerable to climate change. And as western mountainous cities are in a period of rapid urban sprawl-affecting urban populations, spaces, economies, and other aspects-the impacts of climate change are even more serious. Therefore, the coupling relationship of climate change adaptability and urban sprawl sustainability in mountainous cities has become an important aspect of current urban sustainable development research.Coupling is a concept derived from the physical relationship between two (or more) subjects [12]. For example, when two pendulums are connected to a spring, their vibrations fluctuate and interact with each other. This interaction is called pendulum coupling. From an ecosystem perspective, coupling refers to the interaction, mutual evolution, and subsequent development of two or more system elements (or subsystems) [12]. Similarly, the phenomenon of interaction and mutual evolution between urban sprawl and climate change syst...

Socio-Economic Models to Assess and Policy Instruments to Steer the Impact of Nature-Based Solutions: A Review

“…These results show that, even though simulation and spatially explicit models are considered most suitable to assess socio-economic patterns and NBS, these are rarely used in literature [17], [48], [53]. This is in line with Hanson et al [23] and Wang and Xiang [13] results, which find that simulation and spatially explicit models that assess NBS and socio-economic impacts are scarce. Nevertheless, most of the assessed papers used economic approaches, which is expected as socio-economic impacts were a criteria for the papers selection.…”

“…This phenomenon is the outcome of individual cumulative decisions involved in land use development, as citizens wish to improve their residential location and property size as well as proximity to urban centres and environmental amenities subject to land availability, income, housing and commuting costs [8]- [10]. Urban sprawl is associated with excessive land and resources consumption, air and water pollution, soil erosion, global warming, loss of natural green space, environmental degradation, biodiversity decline, excessive car use, weakened economies, services provision hampering, health problems, housing shortage, income inequality, segregation and polarization -thus decreasing urban resilience to climate change [11]- [13]. This has become a key environmental and socio-economic challenge and a primary concern for urban planners and policy-makers.…”

“…However, there still is limited integrated research on socio-economics, land use patterns and NBS [13], as NBS are considered a recent concept and sprawled urbanization is still a major concern [16], [23]. Policy instruments, despite acknowledged as capable of steering urbanization patterns, are mostly superficially addressed, and their connection with NBS is rather thin [34].…”

Investigate the Conduction Path of Stakeholder Conflict of Urban Regeneration Sustainability in China: the Application of Social-Based Solutions

“…Government, developers and property owners have opposing interests in urban regeneration. Governments hope to expand land reserve sources [3], obtain more land transfer income [6] and solve the problems remaining after land expropriation [3]. On the other hand, developers expect to maximize their profit from project development [17], while owners hope to obtain higher compensation for demolition and relocation [18].…”

“…The speed of economic development in China in the 21st century has far exceeded the expectations of the world, and the scale of expansion and speed of development of urban space and the population are also unique [2]. However, such a rapid pace of development has also intensified the pressure on the supply of land for construction and the speed of infrastructure construction in major cities in China [3]. For example, it is estimated that Shenzhen will have less than 60 square kilometers of new construction land by 2020 [4].…”