Urban Street Pattern and Pedestrian Traffic Safety

Rifaat, Shakil Mohammad; Tay, Richard; Barros, Alexandre de

doi:10.1080/13574809.2012.683398

Cited by 46 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Although there is some evidence related to school crossing guards and increased numbers walking to school, nothing definitive has been established regarding the safety effects of crossing guards. Finally, although dead end roads were associated with low perceived danger in this study, and have been associated with fewer pedestrian-car collisions in previous studies (Rifaat et al, 2009), they have also been previously correlated with a greater likelihood of a non-fatal injury if a collision occurs (Rifaat et al, 2012). When promoting walking to school, it is also essential to consider the impact of increased walking to school and more traffic exposure on child PMVC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Although some of the specific design features related to parents' perceptions of traffic danger have been previously related to higher collision risk or injury such as uncontrolled midblock crossings, fewer traffic lights and higher speed/volume roadways, (Rothman and Howard, 2012;City Of Toronto, 2013;Rothman et al, 2013a) others have not, including flashing beacons, school crossing guards and dead end roads (Smallwood et al, 2001;Hawkins, 1993;Turner et al, 2006;Rifaat et al, 2009Rifaat et al, , 2012.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Associations between parents׳ perception of traffic danger, the built environment and walking to school

Rothman

Buliung

et al. 2015

Journal of Transport & Health

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Associations between parents׳ perception of traffic danger, the built environment and walking to school

Rothman

Buliung

et al. 2015

Journal of Transport & Health

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“…The grid pattern generally has straight roadways, which makes the process of driving comfortable and predictable. However, the favorable driving environment on the grid pattern often increases fatigue in drivers and reduces their attention, which may enhance the possibility of pedestrian-vehicle crashes occurring in critical situations (Rifaat et al, 2011(Rifaat et al, , 2012. In contrast, the presence of frequent curves and loops in the deformed grid and irregular design patterns may provoke drivers to be more cautious.…”

Section: Parameter Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the preceding contributing factors, road network structures have been identified as important in determining traffic safety, especially for pedestrians (Marshall and Garrick, 2010b;Rifaat et al, 2011Rifaat et al, , 2012Wei and Lovegrove, 2012;Dumbaugh and Zhang, 2013;Zhang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Southworth and Ben-Joseph (2003) classified road network patterns into five other categories: gridiron, fragmented parallel, warped parallel, loops and lollipops, and lollipops on a stick. Rifaat et al (2010Rifaat et al ( , 2011Rifaat et al ( , 2012 further merged fragmented parallel patterns and lollipops into a mixed pattern and concluded that relative to limited access patterns, the grid pattern was associated with more crashes and lower pedestrian crash severity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of road network patterns on pedestrian safety: A zone-based Bayesian spatial modeling approach

Guo

Pei

et al. 2017

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Pedestrian safety is increasingly recognized as a major public health concern. Extensive safety studies have been conducted to examine the influence of multiple variables on the occurrence of pedestrian-vehicle crashes. However, the explicit relationship between pedestrian safety and road network characteristics remains unknown. This study particularly focused on the role of different road network patterns on the occurrence of crashes involving pedestrians. A global integration index via space syntax was introduced to quantify the topological structures of road networks. The Bayesian Poisson-lognormal (PLN) models with conditional autoregressive (CAR) prior were then developed via three different proximity structures: contiguity, geometry-centroid distance, and road network connectivity. The models were also compared with the PLN counterpart without spatial correlation effects. The analysis was based on a comprehensive crash dataset from 131 selected traffic analysis zones in Hong Kong. The results indicated that higher global integration was associated with more pedestrian-vehicle crashes; the irregular pattern network was proved to be safest in terms of pedestrian crash occurrences, whereas the grid pattern was the least safe; the CAR model with a neighborhood structure based on road network connectivity was found to outperform in model goodness-of-fit, implying the importance of accurately accounting for spatial correlation when modeling spatially aggregated crash data.

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Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map

Goel,

Tiwari,

Varghese

et al. 2024

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundRoad Traffic injuries (RTI) are among the top ten leading causes of death in the world resulting in 1.35 million deaths every year, about 93% of which occur in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Despite several global resolutions to reduce traffic injuries, they have continued to grow in many countries. Many high‐income countries have successfully reduced RTI by using a public health approach and implementing evidence‐based interventions. As many LMICs develop their highway infrastructure, adopting a similar scientific approach towards road safety is crucial. The evidence also needs to be evaluated to assess external validity because measures that have worked in high‐income countries may not translate equally well to other contexts. An evidence gap map for RTI is the first step towards understanding what evidence is available, from where, and the key gaps in knowledge.ObjectivesThe objective of this evidence gap map (EGM) is to identify existing evidence from all effectiveness studies and systematic reviews related to road safety interventions. In addition, the EGM identifies gaps in evidence where new primary studies and systematic reviews could add value. This will help direct future research and discussions based on systematic evidence towards the approaches and interventions which are most effective in the road safety sector. This could enable the generation of evidence for informing policy at global, regional or national levels.Search MethodsThe EGM includes systematic reviews and impact evaluations assessing the effect of interventions for RTI reported in academic databases, organization websites, and grey literature sources. The studies were searched up to December 2019.Selection CriteriaThe interventions were divided into five broad categories: (a) human factors (e.g., enforcement or road user education), (b) road design, infrastructure and traffic control, (c) legal and institutional framework, (d) post‐crash pre‐hospital care, and (e) vehicle factors (except car design for occupant protection) and protective devices. Included studies reported two primary outcomes: fatal crashes and non‐fatal injury crashes; and four intermediate outcomes: change in use of seat belts, change in use of helmets, change in speed, and change in alcohol/drug use. Studies were excluded if they did not report injury or fatality as one of the outcomes.Data Collection and AnalysisThe EGM is presented in the form of a matrix with two primary dimensions: interventions (rows) and outcomes (columns). Additional dimensions are country income groups, region, quality level for systematic reviews, type of study design used (e.g., case‐control), type of road user studied (e.g., pedestrian, cyclists), age groups, and road type. The EGM is available online where the matrix of interventions and outcomes can be filtered by one or more dimensions. The webpage includes a bibliography of the selected studies and titles and abstracts available for preview. Quality appraisal for systematic reviews was conducted using a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews, AMSTAR 2.Main ResultsThe EGM identified 1859 studies of which 322 were systematic reviews, 7 were protocol studies and 1530 were impact evaluations. Some studies included more than one intervention, outcome, study method, or study region. The studies were distributed among intervention categories as: human factors (n = 771), road design, infrastructure and traffic control (n = 661), legal and institutional framework (n = 424), post‐crash pre‐hospital care (n = 118) and vehicle factors and protective devices (n = 111). Fatal crashes as outcomes were reported in 1414 records and non‐fatal injury crashes in 1252 records. Among the four intermediate outcomes, speed was most commonly reported (n = 298) followed by alcohol (n = 206), use of seatbelts (n = 167), and use of helmets (n = 66). Ninety‐six percent of the studies were reported from high‐income countries (HIC), 4.5% from upper‐middle‐income countries, and only 1.4% from lower‐middle and low‐income countries. There were 25 systematic reviews of high quality, 4 of moderate quality, and 293 of low quality.Authors' ConclusionsThe EGM shows that the distribution of available road safety evidence is skewed across the world. A vast majority of the literature is from HICs. In contrast, only a small fraction of the literature reports on the many LMICs that are fast expanding their road infrastructure, experiencing rapid changes in traffic patterns, and witnessing growth in road injuries. This bias in literature explains why many interventions that are of high importance in the context of LMICs remain poorly studied. Besides, many interventions that have been tested only in HICs may not work equally effectively in LMICs. Another important finding was that a large majority of systematic reviews are of low quality. The scarcity of evidence on many important interventions and lack of good quality evidence‐synthesis have significant implications for future road safety research and practice in LMICs. The EGM presented here will help identify priority areas for researchers, while directing practitioners and policy makers towards proven interventions.

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Urban Street Pattern and Pedestrian Traffic Safety

Cited by 46 publications

References 54 publications

Associations between parents׳ perception of traffic danger, the built environment and walking to school

Associations between parents׳ perception of traffic danger, the built environment and walking to school

The effect of road network patterns on pedestrian safety: A zone-based Bayesian spatial modeling approach

Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map

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