Urban Structure and Energy—A Review

Rickwood, Peter; Glazebrook, G. deT.; Searle, Glen

doi:10.1080/08111140701629886

Cited by 159 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…However, very few studies assess the total energy demand and associated greenhouse gas emissions related to a whole neighbourhood. In his review of studies assessing urban forms and energy, Rickwood [10] underlines the lack of comprehensive energy assessment of different urban forms (notably suburban) which take into account embodied, operational and transport energy and greenhouse gas emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Stephan

Crawford

Myttenaere

2013

Building and Environment

117

102

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There is an increasing pressure on cities worldwide to accommodate the increasing population.Most cities are likely to expand in the coming decades and this expansion will probably take place as low-density neighbourhoods. It is therefore crucial to assess the energy demand and related greenhouse gas emissions of such development from a comprehensive perspective. This paper uses a representative low density case study neighbourhood near Melbourne, Australia, to assess its energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions over 100 years. Different housing typologies, such as row houses and low-rise apartment buildings, are tested. Results show that the energy required to produce and replace building materials and infrastructures constitutes nearly 26.9% of the total energy consumption while operational and transport requirements represented 39.4% and 33.7% respectively. Variations to the housing types reveal that apartment buildings reduce the energy consumption per capita by 19.6% compared to the one-storey single family detached house typical pattern. Regardless of the uncertainty in the data, the main conclusion is that each of the embodied, operational and transport energy demand and associated greenhouse gas emissions should be lowered in order effectively reduce the environmental impacts of new urban neighbourhoods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Stephan

Crawford

Myttenaere

2013

Building and Environment

117

102

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“…Most research has focused on individual buildings and building components or materials, and environmental assessments have addressed in-dwelling resource, energy requirements, and associated environmental impacts [254][255][256][257]. Several studies have explored the influence of urban form and design characteristics on the environmental performance of buildings [255], [258], [259], in particular comparing different building typologies, such as apartment buildings and single family housing (e.g.…”

Section: The Potential Of Urban Planning In Reducing Environmental Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies and current practice have focused on specific sectors and urban components, such as buildings or transportation, isolating them from the urban context and its implications, and addressing one or two environmental indicators (mostly energy and GHG emissions) [254], [255]. The literature includes few examples of holistic system approaches that provide an empirical understanding of how different urban form characteristics influence the global and local environmental impacts of cities; however, understanding and addressing these interplays between different components and the urban scale and addressing a wider set of environmental and health effects is crucial to identify and avoid unintended trade-offs in decision-making [248], [254], [255], [301], [302].…”

Section: The Potential Of Urban Planning In Reducing Environmental Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature includes few examples of holistic system approaches that provide an empirical understanding of how different urban form characteristics influence the global and local environmental impacts of cities; however, understanding and addressing these interplays between different components and the urban scale and addressing a wider set of environmental and health effects is crucial to identify and avoid unintended trade-offs in decision-making [248], [254], [255], [301], [302].…”

Section: The Potential Of Urban Planning In Reducing Environmental Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The challenging paradigm of interrelated energy systems towards a more sustainable future

Soares

Martins

Carvalho³

et al. 2018

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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This paper brings together several contemporary topics in energy systems aiming to provide a literature review based reflection on how several interrelated energy systems can contribute together to a more sustainable world. Some directions are discussed, such as the improvement of the energy efficiency and environmental performance of the systems, the development of new technologies, the increase of the use of renewable energy sources, the promotion of holistic and multidisciplinary studies, and the implementation of new management rules and "eco-friendly and sustainable" oriented policies at different scales. The interrelations of the diverse energy systems are also discussed in order to address their main social-economic-environmental impacts. The subjects covered include the assessment of the electricity market and its main players (demand, supply, distribution), the evaluation of some urban systems (buildings, transportation, commuting), the analysis of the implementation of renewable energy cooperatives, the discussion of the diffusion of the electric vehicle and the importance of new bioenergy systems. This paper also presents relevant research carried out in the framework of both the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra and the Sustainable Energy Systems focus area of the MIT-Portugal Program. To conclude, several research topics that should be addressed in the near future are proposed.

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“…These informal sectors might even hold some lessons for cities in the developed world. Due to their greater consumption levels, cities in the developed countries have much higher material and energy consumption, despite the increase of resource efficiency [72][73][74].…”

Section: Decoupling Waste Generation From Economic Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Urban Material Flows and Waste Streams in Urban Development through Principles of Zero Waste and Sustainable Consumption

Lehmann

2011

Sustainability

103

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Beyond energy efficiency, there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources, materials, energy, food and water. After debating energy efficiency for the last decade, the focus has shifted to include further resources and material efficiency. In this context, urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy, where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries, turning disused sites and underutilized public space into productive urban landscapes and community gardens. Furthermore, such agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste, returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment. Urban farming and resource recovery will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050 (predicted population growth, UN-Habitat forecast 2009). This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow, material recovery, adaptive re-use of entire building elements and components (‗design for disassembly'; prefabrication of modular building components), and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation, reducing wasteful consumption and changing behaviour in the design and construction sectors. The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world's natural resources: the built environment and the education of architects and designers (both topics of further research). The construction and demolition (C&D) sector: Prefabricated multi-story buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for modular on-site assembly. Today, the C&D sector is one of the main producers of waste; it does not engage enough with waste minimization, waste avoidance and recycling. Education and research: It's still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2011, 3 156 teach practical and affordable solutions to architects, urban designers, industrial designers, and so on. How must urban development and construction change and evolve to automatically embed sustainability in the way we design, build, operate, maintain and renew/recycle cities? One of the findings of this paper is that embedding zero-waste requires strong industry leadership, new policies and effective education curricula, as well as raising awareness (through research and education) and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption.

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Urban Structure and Energy—A Review

Cited by 159 publications

References 66 publications

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

The challenging paradigm of interrelated energy systems towards a more sustainable future

Optimizing Urban Material Flows and Waste Streams in Urban Development through Principles of Zero Waste and Sustainable Consumption

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