Urbanization and structural transformation

Schmidt, Emily; Dorosh, Paul A.; Jemal, Mekamu Kedir; Smart, Jenny

doi:10.2499/9780896296916_12

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Additionally, the current smallholder farming systems are undergoing a reverse transformation in which farm sizes are declining, few farmers are moving out of agriculture, and instead are diversifying into non-farm activities from a small farm base (ATA, 2013). On the other hand, agriculture is the main source of livelihood for a large proportion of the population, especially for the people residing in the rural areas (Schmidt and Kedir, 2009). Teff is the major staple food crop to most Ethiopian people living in the highlands, comprising more than 65% of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Teff Production in North Showa Zone, Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Zewdu¹

2023

Am. J. Smart Technol. Sol.

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Using primary data collected from 115 households of North Showa Zone, Ethiopia, the study examined determinants of Teff Production. In order to investigate the effect of each predictor variable on the household teff production level a bivariate analysis was performed. Among the econometric method of analysis, a logistic regression model was fitted to analyze the potential variables affecting household teff production level in the study area. The result of the descriptive analysis revealed that about 85 (73.90%) were teff producers while 30 (26.10%) of the households were found to be non-producer. Moreover, the logistic regression model estimates that among the nine variables included in the logistic model, eight of them were significant at different probability level (1, 5, and 10). These are the education of household head, total cultivated land for teff production per hectare, number of oxen, technology adoption, access of extension services received by households, sex, fertilizer application and kind of teff variety used. Finally, improving land quality, creating awareness towards importance of farm technology adoption, and providing frequent extension service were recommended.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Teff Production in North Showa Zone, Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Zewdu¹

2023

Am. J. Smart Technol. Sol.

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“… Following Weiss et al (2018) andSchmidt et al (2018) we assign the following travel speeds to different roads: 90 km/h for asphalt roads, 60 km/h for major gravel roads, 30 km/h for minor gravel roads, and 10 km/h for earth tracks.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The main difference with the original methodology is that waterbodies (i.e., rivers and lakes) are considered as an obstacle to movement rather than a means of transport. FollowingSchmidt et al (2018) we assume that movement over lakes or rivers can be at best 1.0 km/h, assuming an average travel speed of 5.0 km/h on non-water bodies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cities, value chains, and dairy production in Ethiopia

Vandercasteelen¹,

Minten²,

Tamru³

2019

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This paper explores the spatial heterogeneity in dairy production in the highland production area around the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. We look at how urban proximity -defined as the travel time from the farm to the central market of Addis Ababa -affects the production decisions of Ethiopian dairy farmers. We sampled 870 households from the major rural production zones around Addis Ababa, where villages were stratified according to their distance to Addis Ababa. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find evidence of strong spatial heterogeneity in dairy milk productivity in Ethiopia. With each additional hour of travel time, the milk productivity per cow is reduced by almost 1 liter per day, a reduction by 26 percent on average. This spatial heterogeneity in milk productivity reflects a pronounced spatial variation in dairy production decisions (producing liquid milk or processed dairy products), the application of modern inputs, and marketing. When trying to disentangle the mechanisms through which urban proximity affects dairy productivity, we show that the effect of travel time mainly runs through farmers' inclusion into 'modern' value chains and more specifically through their access to commercial milk buyers. This finding holds when we control for prices, indicating that access to commercial value chains are an important determinant of dairy productivity. However, as only a limited number of farmers now have access to such value chains in these settings, measures to make dairy value chains more inclusive to remote farmers can have important economic development benefits for them.

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“…The travel times are calculated by combining infrastructure (road), biophysical (land cover, water, river), and topography (slope) data. The description of this data can be found in Schmidt et al (2018).…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk, shocks, and markets : Theory and evidence from agricultural systems in low and middle income countries

Keenan¹

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Markets are the bedrock of economic theory. The idea that prosperity is formed through the exchange of goods and services is as old as the study of economics itself (Smith 2008). Yet for agrarian societies, market-driven prosperity is far from certain. Economic actors in agricultural food systems continuously face uncertainty and risk -market price risk, climate risk, and political risk to name a few sources. Even if actors account for these risks ex ante, unexpected events (shocks) lie in wait to derail progress towards prosperity. This thesis investigates economic actors' adaptation to risk, responses to shocks, and markets' role in actors' decisionmaking under risk.The thesis presents economic theory and empirical evidence from three countries in the Global South -Tanzania, Peru, and Ethiopia -across different levels of economic actors. First, the thesis starts with understanding how households use production diversification to manage risks ex ante and what the implications of diversification strategies and market access are for household nutrition. Next, the thesis aims to understand intra-household decision-making in agricultural investment under production and market risk and what the implications of gendered decision-making are for family labor requirements and productivity. The thesis then moves to the analysis of ex post responses to risk. It explores how coffee-farming households affected by negative production shocks change their marketing strategies as a coping mechanism. Finally, the thesis zooms out to the market-level to show how market price fluctuations in food markets can be a source of uncertainty and drive regional and national instability and conflict through price effects on producers and consumers.Each chapter presents a stand-alone contribution to distinct strands of economic literature, but together the chapters underscore economic actors' heterogeneity in risk management and responses to shocks. Economic actors are diverse and operate in a myriad of contexts with distinct opportunities and constraints. Diverse contexts and actors necessitate diverse behavior. Despite this feature of the real-world, 'It is odd that heterogeneity does not play a greater role in economic models' (Kirman, 2006). Much of economic theory has been built on the notion of representative actors (Hartley, 1996; Marshall, 1920), and empirical work is often implicitly or explicitly concerned with mean impacts (Carneiro et al., 2002). In recent years, theoretical considerations have been evolving to consider actors' heterogeneity, especially when aggregating microeconomic actors into macroeconomic models (Cristelli, Pietronero, and Chapter

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Urbanization and structural transformation

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Determinants of Teff Production in North Showa Zone, Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Determinants of Teff Production in North Showa Zone, Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Cities, value chains, and dairy production in Ethiopia

Risk, shocks, and markets : Theory and evidence from agricultural systems in low and middle income countries

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