Urbanization of human visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco

Kahime, Kholoud; Boussaa, Samia; Nhammi, Haddou; Boumezzough, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2017.07.001

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…infantum/chagasi ; however, he stayed in an urban area where VL cases have not been reported [ 16 ]. He also visited an urban area in Morocco two years before; notably, reported cases of VL in Morocco are usually in infants and those with long-term exposure [ 17 ]. Therefore, we believe that exposure mostly likely occurred in France.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rare case of visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent traveler returning to the United States from Europe

et al. 2018

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A young, healthy traveler returning to the United States presented with fever, night sweats, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy revealed leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum), likely acquired in southern France. Although many cases of endemic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in Europe, this is a rare case of imported VL in a healthy traveler returning from Europe to the US. Despite successful initial treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (LamB), relapse occurred. Treatments for VL in immunocompetent individuals are highly effective, but relapse can occur. There is more extensive experience in endemic areas with treating relapse that may be lacking in North America. This case alerts physicians in the US that immunocompetent adults can acquire VL during brief visits to endemic areas in Europe. It is important that travelers be counseled on preventive measures. Patients should be monitored after treatment for relapse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rare case of visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent traveler returning to the United States from Europe

et al. 2018

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“…In Morocco, ZVL was initially confined to the northern province of Taounate but has since spread to other territories [ 10 , 41 , 42 ]. P. ariasi , P. perniciosus and P. longicuspis are vectors of L. infantum [ 40 , 43 ].…”

Section: What Can We Learn From the Past Moroccan Situation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and Re-Emerging Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean Area: What Can Be Learned from a Retrospective Review Analysis of the Situation in Morocco during 1990 to 2010?

et al. 2020

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In Morocco, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases represent a public health concern. In this opinion paper, we propose to highlight chosen elements that have governed the drastic increase in the incidence of leishmaniases recorded in Morocco during the period between 1990 to 2010 in order to guide the prediction of the expansion of diseases and epidemic events. We highlight that the dispersion of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) form, caused by the Leishmania major parasite, appears to be closely related to that of its arthropod vector density, which is sensitive to changes in climate. The dissemination of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was related to an increase in human travel and local tourism during the studied decades. These are linked to economic expansion and infrastructure development. Interestingly, the main ACL foci are spatially aligned with the highways, and their occurrence was synchronized with the building of transportation infrastructure. During the above-mentioned decades, the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum has expanded from its historical northern territories, dispersing outwards in all directions. This spread follows the emergence of hamlets and villages connecting with major cities.

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“…In Morocco, various Leishmania species are endemic: (i) Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of both visceral (VL) and sporadic cutaneous leishmanisis (CL) infection; (ii) L. tropica is responsible for the anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL); and (iii) L. major is the causative agent of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). In Morocco, three species of phlebotomine sandflies are currently proven or suspected vectors of L. infantum : Phlebotomus ariasi , P. perniciosus , and P. longicuspis [ 1 , 4 ]. P. papatasi and P. sergenti are the proven vectors of Leishmania major and L. tropica , respectively, in the country [ 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a vector-borne disease, the impact of climate change on the incidence and distribution of leishmaniases is well documented [ 3 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. In Morocco, the visceral form of the disease is endemic in the Rift and pre-Rift mountains with over 150 cases per year reported from 2006 to 2008 [ 3 , 4 ]. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by L. major or L. tropica ; CL was previously sporadic and became epidemic in 1976.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A high level of precipitation and vegetative foliage are favorable habitats for both reservoirs and vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis [ 11 , 13 ]. In addition, climate change may also have effects on the transmission, via the socio-economic change they produce, i.e., the impact on the amount of human contact with the transmission [ 4 , 21 ]. This opinion paper will focus on the impact of climate change on the epidemiology of leishmaniases in Morocco and will discuss methods to turn this knowledge into intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Management of Leishmaniases in the Era of Climate Change in Morocco

Kahime

Sereno

Lahouari

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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The proliferation of vector-borne diseases are predicted to increase in a changing climate and Leishmaniases, as a vector-borne diseases, are re-emerging diseases in several regions of the world. In Morocco, during the last decade, a sharp increase in cutaneous leishmaniases cases has been reported. Nevertheless, in Morocco, leishmaniases are a major public health problem, and little interest was given to climate change impacts on the distribution and spread of these diseases. As insect-borne diseases, the incidence and distribution of leishmaniases are influenced by environmental changes, but also by several socio-economic and cultural factors. From a biological point of view, environmental variables have effects on the survival of insect vectors and mammalian reservoirs, which, in turn, affects transmission. Here, we highlight the effects of climate change in Morocco and discuss its consequences on the epidemiology of leishmaniases to identify challenges and define targeted recommendations to fight this disease.

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Urbanization of human visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

A rare case of visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent traveler returning to the United States from Europe

A rare case of visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent traveler returning to the United States from Europe

Emerging and Re-Emerging Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean Area: What Can Be Learned from a Retrospective Review Analysis of the Situation in Morocco during 1990 to 2010?

Management of Leishmaniases in the Era of Climate Change in Morocco

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