Urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Albuquerque, Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira; Júnior, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva; Freire, Caio Castro; Oliveira, Stephanie B; Almeida, Dennys Ramon de Melo Fernandes; Silva, Herivaldo Ferreira da; Cavalcante, Maria do Socorro; Sousa, Anastácio de Queiroz

doi:10.1590/s1020-49892009001000007

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The minimum age was 5 years and maximum age was 70 years, which was consistent with results of other studies in Brazil, but were less than those of India (mean age, 45 years) [6,14,15]. Sixty-one patients (44.2%) were males, and the mean age was 29.65±11.10 years, which come in line with others [15].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The rest of the patients were females with a mean age of 26.12±11.89 years, minimum age of 5 years, and maximum age of 70 years, which was contrary to results of an Indian study indicated that 93% of affected patients were males. In Brazil, 65% of Kala -azar patients were males and in Ethiopia they represents (74%-85.6%) [6,[14][15][16]. High male patient load could be because of the economic activities that entail sex bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation of Rk39-Specific Antibodies and Thyroid Function in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

Al-Ezzy

Abood

2017

Eurasian J Med

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Objective: This study aimed to determine whether anti-rK39 antibodies were diagnostic markers for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and to evaluate the correlation between age and gender in disease occurrence in Iraqi patients. In addition, it aimed to evaluate the correlation between thyroid hormones, i.e., thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) and anti-rK39 antibodies. Materials and Methods:Immunochromatographic technique used for anti-rK39 antibodies detection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for determining the serum TSH, T3, and T4 levels.Results: One hundred thirty-eight patients with visceral leishmaniasis were included. The mean age was 27.65±11.60 years. Sixty-one patients (44.2%) were males, and their mean age was 29.65±11.10 years. The mean age of females was 26.12±11.89 years. Anti-rK39 antibodies were detected in 11.59% of patients. Anti-rK39 antibodies were equally detected (5.8%) in both genders without a significant difference (p=0.212) or correlation between gender and anti-rK39 antibodies (p=0.623). There was neither a significant difference (p>0.05) nor correlation between gender; age groups according to gender and anti-rK39 antibodies (p>0.05). Both males and females who were positive for anti-rK39 antibodies had normal TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Only one patient who was positive for anti-rK39 antibodies had an elevated T4 level (>12 µg/dL). Neither a significant difference nor correlation was reported among genders; anti-rK39 antibody positivity (p>0.05); and TSH, T3, and T4 levels.Conclusion: Anti-rK39 antibodies, a daignostic marker for visceral leishmaniasis have no correlation with patients age and gender. Serum TSH and T3 levels were not affected by visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis causes the increase in serum T4 levels. Thyroid involvement appears to be uncommon in patients who present with visceral leishmaniasis.Keywords: rK39-specific antibodies, thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxin. ÖZAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı anti-rK39 antikorlarının visseral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) için tanısal belirteç-ler olup olmadıklarını belirlemek ve Iraklı hastalarda hastalığın ortaya çıkmasında yaş ve cinsiyet arasın-daki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca tiroit stimule edici hormon (TSH), triiyodotironin (T3) ve tiroksin (T4) gibi tiroit hormonları ile anti-rK39 antikorları arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Anti-rK39 antikorlarının tespiti için immünokromatografik teknik kullanıldı. Serum TSH, T3 ve T4 seviyelerini belirlemek için Eliza testinden yararlanıldı.Bulgular: Visseral leishmaniasis hastalığı olan 138 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ortalama yaş 27,65±11,60 yıl olarak bulundu. Hastaların 61'i (%44,2) erkekti ve ortalama yaşları 29,65±11,10 yıldı. Kadın hastaların ortalama yaşı 26,12±11,89 yıldı. Hastaların %11,59'unda anti-rK39 antikorları tespit edildi. Anti-rK39 antikorları cinsiyet ve anti-rK39 antikorları arasında anlamlı bir fark (p=0,212) veya korelasyon olmaksızın h...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Rk39-Specific Antibodies and Thyroid Function in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

Al-Ezzy

Abood

2017

Eurasian J Med

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“…Temperature influences the growth of sand flies (Cross and Hyams 1996), a factor that has gained importance with the increase in global temperature (Hemmer et al 2007). Overall these changes have resulted in the widening of VL endemic areas in Brazil (Costa et al 1990, Jeronimo et al 1994, Marzochi et al 1994, Nascimento et al 1996, Albuquerque et al 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently most Brazilian states report autochthonous cases of VL, which was previously limited to northern and northeastern states, but it has now been reported as far south as northern Argentina (Costa et al 1990, Jeronimo et al 1994, Marzochi et al 1994, Nascimento et al 1996, Salomon et al 2008, Albuquerque et al 2009). The pattern of VL in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, northeast Brazil, provides an example of the periurbanization of leishmaniasis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Preferences ofLutzomyia longipalpis(Diptera: Psychodidae), the Sand Fly Vector, forLeishmania infantum(Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)

et al. 2014

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Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, is spread mostly by the bite of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva). We trapped sand flies in endemic neighborhoods near Natal, Brazil, where cases of human and dog VL were documented. Amplification of species-specific cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes by polymerase chain reaction revealed that sand flies from rural and periurban areas harbored blood from different sources. The most common source of bloodmeal was human, but blood from dog, chicken, and armadillo was also present. We tested the preference for a source of bloodmeal experimentally by feeding L. longipalpis F1 with blood from different animals. There were significant differences between the proportion of flies engorged and number of eggs laid among flies fed on different sources, varying from 8.4 to 19 (P < 0.0001). Blood from guinea pig or horse was best to support sand fly oviposition, but human blood also supported sand fly oviposition well. No sand flies fed on cats, and sand flies feeding on the opossum Monodelphis domestica Wagner produced no eggs. These data support the hypothesis that L. longipalpis is an eclectic feeder, and humans are an important source of blood for this sand fly species in periurban areas of Brazil.

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“…1,2 Over the past 30 years, numerous outbreaks have been reported from Natal and other major cities in Brazil. [3][4][5][6][7] These outbreaks have coincided with large-scale migration of people, with their dogs and other domestic animals, from rural areas endemic for L. i. chagasi to urban areas. 8 In turn, the city of Natal itself has expanded into previously rural endemic areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania infantum chagasi in Northeastern Brazil: Asymptomatic Infection at the Urban Perimeter

Lima

Queiroz²,

Lacerda³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in large cities in Brazil, including Natal. We determined the prevalence of asymptomatic human infection with Leishmania infantum chagasi and associated environmental risks around Natal. Infection was detected by Leishmania skin test (LST) and anti-leishmanial antibodies in humans and anti-leishmanial antibodies in dogs. Amongst 345 humans, 24.6% were seropositive, and 38.6% were LST-positive. Prevalence of positive serology was similar in both sexes and across all ages. However, positive LST responses increased with age, suggesting that LST is long-lasting and cumulative. Multinomial logistic analysis showed that LST response varied with location (P = 0.007) and that males were more frequently LST-positive (P = 0.027). Indicators of lower socioeconomic status associated significantly with human infection. Furthermore, there was geographic coincidence of seropositive humans and dogs (r = 0.7926, P = 0.011). These data suggest that dog and human L. i. chagasi infection are intimately interrelated in environmental conditions associated with low income.

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Urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Abstract: The epidemic occurrence of VL in the region must convince authorities to adopt more adequate policies of disease control.

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Correlation of Rk39-Specific Antibodies and Thyroid Function in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

Correlation of Rk39-Specific Antibodies and Thyroid Function in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

Feeding Preferences ofLutzomyia longipalpis(Diptera: Psychodidae), the Sand Fly Vector, forLeishmania infantum(Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)

Leishmania infantum chagasi in Northeastern Brazil: Asymptomatic Infection at the Urban Perimeter

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