Urea and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Here we aimed to study the correlation of serum urea as an indicator of protein metabolism with MDA and SOD as markers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods We performed a cross sectional study on 151 patients with type 2 diabetes from the diabetes clinic of Vali Asr hospital affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Science plus 45controls. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association which is based on glycemia [24]. Exclusion criteria were smoking, pregnancy, creatinine >1.5 mg/dl or GFR< 70 cc/min, glomerulonephritis, thyroid disorders, acute infections, stroke, diabetic ketoacidosis, non-ketonic hyperosmolar diabetes, congestive heart failure, use of antioxidant and hospital admission in recent 6 months. None of the participants were on hormone replacement therapy. Controls were healthy volunteers from the patients' concomitants or hospital staffs. Healthy controls were selected from those without any known disease including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease and malignancy. Demographic and anthropometric data including age, sex, duration of diabetes, height and weight in light clothing and blood pressure in sitting position were recorded. Blood pressure was re measured twice after 5 minutes average. The body mass index (BMI; Kg/m 2) was calculated according to the Quetelet formula. Diet was almost similar in composition in all the studied groups.

Assessment of Glycemic Control, Renal Function, and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusPatients

“…The results show a significant (P<0.05) increasein the levels of TAC in the T2DM patients (2451.94±500.87 mmol/l) compared with control subjects (2036.74±214.55mmol/l).Also, the levels of ROS show a highly significant (P< 0.01) increase in patients (174.81±41.50mmol/l) as compared to control (23.72±2.88mmol/l). The findings of the current work agree with the results of several studies,including an earlier work [19] which showed that TAC levels also significantly increased in T2DM patients. The increase in TAC occursto provide more protectionagainst free radical aggression.These results conform the notion that the increase in free radicals appear to be primarily associated with theincrease in antioxidant levels and with disease development;as soon as the antioxidant levels decrease, the disease complications will develop.…”

“…The HbA1c is a useful tool that is regarded as a reference marker in the surveillance ofglycemic status in T2DM patients [4]. Similar findings were reported by other studies which also revealed a significant elevation in the level of HbA1c [19,20]. Increased insulin levels in the patients are logical and maybe due to the hyperglycemic state, which couldlead to a 50-fold increase in the biosynthesis of insulin [21].…”

Metabolic effects of mulberry branch bark powder on diabetic mice based on GC-MS metabolomics approach

“…However, the declined level of citrulline and urea indicate a breakdown in the urea cycle which consume ammonium ion, CO 2 and ATP. This may be due to ATP deficit via depletion of TCA cycle in mitochondrion [47] or activation of nitric oxide synthase whereby nitric oxide production is competitively favored over urea production [48].…”

Quantification of sweat urea in diabetes using electro-optical technique

“…Protein metabolism dysfuntion is not only associated with insulin resistance. It is also associated with oxidative stress, which is a hallmark event responsible for type 2 diabetes (Morteza et al 2012). A high level of urea will decrease the insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion with an increase in insulin resistance.…”