Urea as a Cocrystal Former—Study of 3 Urea Based Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

Leng, Fucheng; Robeyns, Koen; Leyssens, Tom

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13050671

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Interestingly, the complex formation between EA and UR was also observed in the solution, indicating its contribution to the improved solubility of EVP (EA/UR = 1/1). Fucheng et al reported EA/UR complex formation at a molar ratio of 1/2 [24]. However, in this study, EA/UR complex was formed at a molar ratio of 1/1 by solvent removal; further, the PXRD pattern of EA/UR (molar ratio = 1/2) reported by Fucheng et al differed from that of EA/UR (molar ratio = 1/1) in this study.…”

Section: Noesy Nmr Measurementcontrasting

confidence: 76%

Preparation, Characterization, Solubility, and Antioxidant Capacity of Ellagic Acid-Urea Complex

et al. 2022

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Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol found in berries, has high antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to improve EA solubility by complex formation with urea (UR) using solvent an evaporation method and evaluate its solubility, antioxidant capacity, and physical properties. The solubility test (25 °C, 72 h) showed that the solubility of EVP (EA/UR = 1/1) was approximately two-fold higher than that of EA (7.13 µg/mL versus 3.99 µg/mL). Moreover, the IC50 values of EA and EVP (EA/UR = 1/1) (1.50 µg/mL and 1.30 µg/mL, respectively) showed higher antioxidant capacity of EVP than that of EA. DSC analysis revealed that the UR peak at 134 °C disappeared, and a new endothermic peak was observed at approximately 250 °C for EVP (EA/UR = 1/1). PXRD measurements showed that the characteristic peaks of EA at 2θ = 12.0° and 28.0° and of UR at 2θ = 22.0°, 24.3°, and 29.1° disappeared and that new peaks were identified at 2θ = 10.6°, 18.7°, and 26.8° for EVP (EA/UR = 1/1). According to 2D NOESY NMR spectroscopy, cross-peaks were observed between the -NH and -OH groups, suggesting intermolecular interactions between EA and UR. Therefore, complexation was confirmed in EA/UR = 1/1 prepared by solvent evaporation, suggesting that it contributed to the improvement in solubility and antioxidant capacity of EA.

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Section: Noesy Nmr Measurementcontrasting

confidence: 76%

Preparation, Characterization, Solubility, and Antioxidant Capacity of Ellagic Acid-Urea Complex

et al. 2022

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“… For example, it is reported that the binding of urea with polyphenols under mechanochemical conditions is predominantly through hydrogen binding, where −NH 2 of the amide binds to deprotonated catechol groups. Also, the formation of such an intermediate Ti IV –NH 2 –TA complex is likely, ,− in which urea can act as a catalyst to facilitate the formation of MPNs under solvent-free conditions. Furthermore, the temperature of the internal jar wall was ∼42 °C (recorded by an infrared thermometer gun).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-State Encapsulation of Urea via Mechanochemistry-Driven Engineering of Metal–Phenolic Networks

Mazaheri,

Zavabeti,

McQuillan

et al. 2023

Chem. Mater.

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Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) are sustainable alternatives as they can increase crop yield and minimize environmental contamination associated with conventional fertilizers. However, there remains a demand for the development of CRFs with high biocompatibility, and tunable morphologies and mechanical properties. Herein, a solvent-free mechanochemical method is developed for synthesizing urea-encapsulated metal–phenolic networks (urea–MPN matrices) as CRFs. The matrices exhibit tunable mechanical resistance, crystallinity, stiffness, and wettability properties via rearranging the internal structure of the MPNs and their subsequent interaction with the encapsulated urea crystals. Sample aging (7 days) leads to a higher degree of complexation of the MPNs, resulting in a material with increased elasticity and melting point relative to the as-synthesized sample. Thermal treatment (60 °C for 6 h) instigates structural reorganization of the urea crystals within the matrix, generating a more robust material with a 51-fold increase in Young’s modulus. As CRFs, the urea–MPN matrices can be tuned to prolong the release of urea for up to 9 days depending on the treatment applied. As the mechanochemical synthesis of MPNs facilitates the tuning of physiochemical properties and has greater practicability for inclusion within large-scale processing, it has potential implementation within a broad range of industries.

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“…For these purposes, different composites of urea are in use. [58][59][60][61] Furthermore, the modulation of solubility of urea derivatives is also essential as they are useful as drugs 62 and have various material properties. The release and decomposition of urea from an inorganic composite to an aqueous medium are indispensable to utilize urea and its derivatives as fertilizers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assemblies of salts of urea and thiourea derivatives and release of hosts from composites with calcium oxide

Baruah

Brahma

2023

New J. Chem.

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Urea as a Cocrystal Former—Study of 3 Urea Based Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Preparation, Characterization, Solubility, and Antioxidant Capacity of Ellagic Acid-Urea Complex

Preparation, Characterization, Solubility, and Antioxidant Capacity of Ellagic Acid-Urea Complex

Solid-State Encapsulation of Urea via Mechanochemistry-Driven Engineering of Metal–Phenolic Networks

Assemblies of salts of urea and thiourea derivatives and release of hosts from composites with calcium oxide

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