Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine

Boggs, Bryan K.; King, Rebecca; Botte, Gerardine G.

doi:10.1039/b905974a

Cited by 654 publications

(549 citation statements)

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“…Since Botte et al [45] proposed their approach to urea electrolysis using an inexpensive nickel catalyst, there have been many reports using variations of nickel-based anode materials for urea electro-oxidation in alkaline media, most often in potassium hydroxide. By using nickel electrodes, one can not only eliminate problematic urea waste but can also produce hydrogen at a cell voltage lower than that required for splitting water.…”

Section: Solutions Used In Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using nickel electrodes, one can not only eliminate problematic urea waste but can also produce hydrogen at a cell voltage lower than that required for splitting water. The first reaction which can take place at the surface of Ni electrode during urea electro-oxidation is the following [45]:…”

Section: Solutions Used In Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the pollutant can be removed from the solution by a chemical attack on the reactive species generated at the electrodes (indirect electrochemical oxidation). The electro-oxidation of urea in its simplest form should occur according to the following electrode half-reactions [1,45,46]:…”

Section: Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

2016

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The abundance of urea in the natural environment is dictated by the fact that it is one of the major products of mammalian protein metabolism. Due to the extensive use of urea in many branches of industry, it is produced in large quantities. Urea enters into the environment not only with wastewater from the production plants but also by leaching from the fields, agro-breeding farms, and the effluents from the plants using it as a raw material. There are many methods of urea removal, but most of them are still being developed or are very new. The methods themselves differ in terms of physicochemical nature and technological ingenuity. Many wastewater treatment methods include processes such as hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, decomposition in the biological bed, decomposition by strong oxidants, adsorption, catalytic decomposition, and electrochemical oxidation. In this work, methods of urea removal from aqueous solutions have been reviewed. Particular attention was paid to electrochemical methods.

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Section: Solutions Used In Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solutions Used In Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

2016

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“…The mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxidation of urea was described in a previous study [7]. During the oxidation of urea in alkaline media, nickel-based anodes exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity than noble metals, such as Pt, Ir, and Rh [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the oxidation of urea in alkaline media, nickel-based anodes exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity than noble metals, such as Pt, Ir, and Rh [7]. Different combinations of metals have been investigated for use as nickel-based catalysts (e.g., PtNi, Rh-Ni, and Pt-Ir-Ni [8]; Ni-Co bimetallic hydroxide [9]; and Ni-Zn and Ni-Zn-Co [10] graphene-nickel nanocomposites) [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on a sintered Ni–Pt electrode

2016

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Urea is present in the environment as a result of large amounts of wastewater from various origins. One of the most effective methods for disposing of urea involves electrochemical oxidation. This study investigated the use of sintered Ni-Pt electrodes as anodes in the electrocatalytic oxidation of urea. The activity of the Ni-Pt electrodes was compared with those of conventional Ti/Pt and Ni electrodes. Based on our results, the sintered Ni-Pt electrodes exhibited much higher activity in the oxidation of urea compared with the conventional anodes.

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Boosting H₂ Generation Coupled with Selective Oxidation of Methanol into Value‐Added Chemical over Cobalt Hydroxide@Hydroxysulfide Nanosheets Electrocatalysts

Xiang

Deng

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

237

145

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The sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the main bottleneck for the electrocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen (H2), and the by‐product is worthless O2. Therefore, designing a thermodynamically favorable oxidation reaction to replace OER and coupling with value‐added product generation on the anode is of significance for boosting H2 generation under low electrolysis voltage. Herein, cobalt hydroxide@hydroxysulfide nanosheets on carbon paper (Co(OH)2@HOS/CP) are synthesized as bifunctional electrocatalysts to facilitate H2 production and convert methanol to valuable formate simultaneously. Benefiting from the influences/changes on the composition, surface properties, electronic structure, and chemistry of Co(OH)2, the as‐obtained electrodes exhibit very high selectivity for methanol to value‐added formate oxidation (MFO) and boost electrocatalytic performance with low overpotential of 155 mV for MFO and 148 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the integrated two‐electrode electrolyzer drives 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.497 V with united 100% Faradaic efficiency for anodic and cathodic reaction and continuous 20 h of operation without obvious decay. The electrocatalytic hydrogen production with the assistance of alternative oxidation by the robust electrocatalyst can be further used to realize the upgrading of other organic molecules with less energy consumption.

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Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine

Abstract: A new technology has been developed that accomplishes the direct conversion of urine and urea to pure hydrogen via electrochemical oxidation with an inexpensive nickel catalyst.

Cited by 654 publications

References 10 publications

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

Electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on a sintered Ni–Pt electrode

Boosting H₂ Generation Coupled with Selective Oxidation of Methanol into Value‐Added Chemical over Cobalt Hydroxide@Hydroxysulfide Nanosheets Electrocatalysts

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Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine

Abstract: A new technology has been developed that accomplishes the direct conversion of urine and urea to pure hydrogen via electrochemical oxidation with an inexpensive nickel catalyst.

Cited by 654 publications

References 10 publications

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

Electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on a sintered Ni–Pt electrode

Boosting H2 Generation Coupled with Selective Oxidation of Methanol into Value‐Added Chemical over Cobalt Hydroxide@Hydroxysulfide Nanosheets Electrocatalysts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Boosting H₂ Generation Coupled with Selective Oxidation of Methanol into Value‐Added Chemical over Cobalt Hydroxide@Hydroxysulfide Nanosheets Electrocatalysts