Urease: Principal Cause of Infection Stones

Griffith, Donald P.; Musher, Daniel M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4295-3_69

Cited by 201 publications

(279 citation statements)

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“…The test organism used in this study, P. mirabilis NSM6, was a clinical isolate from the encrusted catheter of a patient undergoing long-term indwelling catheterization. The artificial urine used in the experimental work was based on that devised by Griffith et al (1976) and contained calcium chloride (0?49 g l 21 ), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0?65 g l 21 ), sodium chloride (4?6 g l 21 ), disodium sulphate (2?3 g l 21 ), trisodium citrate dihydrate (0?65 g l 21 ), disodium oxalate (0?02 g l 21 ), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (2?8 g l 21 ), potassium chloride (1?6 g l 21 ), ammonium chloride (1?0 g l 21 ), urea (25 g l 21 ) and gelatin (5?0 g l 21 ). The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6?1 and then sterilized by membrane filtration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilm development on urinary catheters

Stickler

Morgan

2006

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The crystalline biofilms formed by Proteus mirabilis can seriously complicate the care of patients undergoing long-term bladder catheterization. The generation of alkaline urine by the bacterial urease causes calcium and magnesium phosphates to precipitate from urine and accumulate in the catheter biofilm, blocking the flow of urine from the bladder. The pH at which these salts crystallize from a urine sample, the nucleation pH (pH n ), can be elevated by diluting the urine and by increasing its citrate content. The aim of this study was to examine whether manipulation of pH n in these ways modulated the rate at which crystalline biofilm developed. Experiments in laboratory models of the catheterized bladder infected with P. mirabilis showed that when the bladder was supplied with a concentrated urine (pH n 6?7) at a low fluid output (720 ml per 24 h), catheters blocked at 19-31 h. Diluting this urine 1 : 4 increased the pH n to 7?5 and models supplied with this urine at 2880 ml per 24 h took 110-137 h to block. When models were supplied with urine containing citrate at 1?5 mg ml "1 or above (pH n 8?3-9?1), the catheters drained freely for the full 7 day experimental period. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the catheter biofilms that developed in urine with high pH n values were devoid of crystalline formations. These observations should encourage a clinical trial to examine the effect of increasing a patient's fluid intake with citrate-containing drinks on the encrustation and blockage of catheters.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilm development on urinary catheters

Stickler

Morgan

2006

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Infection with this organism can result in serious complications including acute pyelonephritis, stone formation in the bladder and kidney, encrustation and obstruction of the catheter, fever and bacteraemia (Griffith et al, 1976;Rubin et al, 1986). After Escherichia coli, P. mirabilis is the second leading cause of bacteraemia in the elderly (Setia et al, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the urea concentration in urine is about 400-500 m M (Griffith et al, 1976), urine can be classified as a very nitrogen rich medium. However, it is hard to assess growth in urine in uitro because P. mirabilis urease hydrolyses urea, elevates p H and causes ion precipitation.…”

Section: Characterization Of the B5 Mutantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus far, several virulence determinants including urease (Griffith et al, 1976;Jones et al, 1990;Johnson et al, 1993b), fimbriae (for review see Mobley & Belas, 1995), flagella (Belas & Flaherty, 1994;Allison et al, 1994;Mobley et al, 1996), haemolysin (Swihart & Welch, 1990;Mobley et al, 1991), IgA protease (Senior et al, 1987(Senior et al, ,1991Loomes et al, 1990;Wassif et al, 1995) and amino acid deaminase (Massad et al, 1995) have been described for this species. The genes encoding these proteins have been isolated and sequenced and some of the corresponding proteins have been purified and characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of protease and rpoN-associated genes of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis by negative selection in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection

Zhao

Johnson

et al. 1999

Microbiology

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Proteus rnirabilis, a motile Gram-negative bacterium, is a principal cause of urinary tract infections in patients with functional or anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract or those with urinary catheters in place. Thus far, virulence factors including urease, flagella, haemolysin, various fimbriae, IgA protease and a deaminase have been characterized based on the phenotypic traits conferred by these proteins. In this study, an attempt was made to identify new virulence genes of P. rnirabilis that may not have identifiable phenotypes using the recently described technique of signature-tagged mutagenesis. A pool of chromosomal transposon mutants was made through conjugation and kanamycin/tetracycl ine selection; random insertion was confirmed by Southern blotting of chromosomal DNA isolated from 16 mutants using the aphA gene as a probe. From the total pool, 2.3% (9/397) auxotrophic mutants and 3.5% (14/397) swarming mutants were identified by screening on minimal salts agar and Luria agar plates, respectively. T h i r t y per cent of the mutants, found to have either no tag or an unamplifiable tag, were removed from the input pool. Then lo7 c.f.u. from a 96-mutant pool (-lo5 c.f.u. of each mutant) were used as an input pool to transurethrally inoculate seven CBA mice. After 2 d infection, bacteria were recovered from the bladders and kidneys and yielded about l o 5 c.f.u. as an output pool. Dot blot analysis showed that two of the 96 mutants, designated B2 and B5, could not be hybridized by signature tags amplified from the bladder output pool. Interrupted genes from these two mutants were cloned and sequenced. The interrupted gene in B2 predicts a polypeptide of 37-3 kDa that shares amino acid similarity with a putative protease or collagenase precursor. The gene in B5 predicts a polypeptide of 32-6 kDa that is very similar to that encoded by ORF284 of the rpoN operon controlling expression of nitrogen-regulated genes from several bacterial species. The virulence of the two mutants was tested further by co-challenging CBA mice with each mutant and the parental strain. After 1 week of infection, the B2 and B5 mutants were recovered in numbers 100-fold and 1000-fold less than the parental strain, respectively. Using an in vitro assay, it was shown that the B2 mutant had significantly less (P = O*OOOl) extracellular protease activity than the wild-type strain. These findings demonstrate that signaturetagged mutagenesis is a viable approach to identify bacterial genes associated with the ability to infect the urinary tract.

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“…More than 200 bacterial species such as Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Yersinia enterocolitica are responsible for various diseases like gastritis, urolithiasis, pyelonephrities, ammonia and hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic coma, urinary catheter encrustation (Andrews et al, 1984;Burne & Chen, 2000;Mobley et al, 1995), and Parkinson's disease (Amtul et al, 2002). Chronic bacterial kidney infections can directly cause kidney stones (Griffith et al, 1976;Thomas & Tolley, 2008) due to hydrolysis of urea, producing ammonium and hydroxyl ions. The resulting alkaline urine, in combination with ammonium and phosphate ions, leads to the development of magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, also known as struvite stones (Rahman et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitroscreening and evaluation of some Indian medicinal plants for their potential to inhibit Jack bean and bacterial ureases causing urinary infections

Bai

Bharti

Seasotiya

et al. 2014

Pharmaceutical Biology

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ORIGINAL ARTICLEIn vitro screening and evaluation of some Indian medicinal plants for their potential to inhibit Jack bean and bacterial ureases causing urinary infections Sheema Bai, Pooja Bharti, Leena Seasotiya, Anupma Malik, and Sunita Dalal Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Abstract Context: Bacterial ureases play an important role in pathogenesis of urinary infections. Selection of plants was done on the basis of their uses by the local people for the treatment of various bacterial and urinary infections. Objective: Our investigation screens and evaluates 15 Indian medicinal plants for their possible urease inhibitory activity as well as their ability to inhibit bacteria causing urinary infections. Materials and methods: Plant extracts in three different solvents (methanol, aqueous, and cow urine) were screened for their effect on Jack-bean urease using the phenol-hypochlorite method. Subsequently, seven bacterial strains were screened for their ability to release urease and further antimicrobial-linked urease inhibition activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the tested extracts were evaluated by the agar well diffusion and microdilution method, respectively. Results: Five plants out of 15 crude extracts revealed good urease inhibitory activity (!20% at 1 mg/ml conc.) and IC 50 values for these extracts ranged from 2.77 to 0.70 mg/ml. Further testing of these extracts on urease-producing bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus NCDC 109, S. aureus MTCC 3160, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 426, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 4030, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7453) showed good anti-urease potency with an MIC ranging from 500 to 7.3 mg/ml. Discussion and conclusion: The results of screening as well as susceptibility assay clearly revealed a strong urease inhibitory effect of Acacia nilotica L. (Fabaceae), Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Phyllanthaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Rosa indica L. (Rosaceae), and Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae). Our findings may help to explain the beneficial effect of these plants against infections associated with the urease enzyme.

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Urease: Principal Cause of Infection Stones

Cited by 201 publications

References 0 publications

Modulation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilm development on urinary catheters

Modulation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilm development on urinary catheters

Identification of protease and rpoN-associated genes of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis by negative selection in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection

In vitroscreening and evaluation of some Indian medicinal plants for their potential to inhibit Jack bean and bacterial ureases causing urinary infections

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