Uremic Toxins in Chronic Renal Failure

Role of Uremic Compounds in Organ Injury

“…The need for the use of specific cells for the purposes of disease modelling has been underlined, such as leukocytes to study compromised immune defense or oxidative stress, endothelial cells for cardiovascular disease, smooth muscle cells for progression of atherosclerosis, hepatocytes for disturbed metabolism, fibroblasts for fibrosis or osteoblasts for renal osteodystrophy. When possible, human cells should be used, and the animal cell models should be restricted to the species for which the relevance to conditions in humans has already been proved [2,5,6].…”

“…The method chosen depends of the sensitivity of detection of particular compounds. A number of isolation and detection techniques have been used for the quantification of retained uremic compounds, including: chromatographic methods (ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC), spectrophotometry, fluorometry, chemiluminescence, nephelometry, radioimmunometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry) [5][6][7].…”

“…These techniques allow differentiation of retained uremic solutes as they occur in particular conditions and patient populations [6,7,11].…”

“…Increases in the concentration in the blood or tissue should correlate with the clinical manifestations. The association between the biological activity of the uremic toxins and the clinical manifestations should be demonstrable in in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro test systems [3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…The evidence so far collected confirms that the eGFR values show a very weak and diverse correlation with other proven uremic toxins. Hence, the current criteria based exclusively on eGFR seem inadequate to justify the decision to start dialysis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”