Urethral plug-a new secondary male sex characteristic in rat and other rodents

Kunstýr, I; Küpper, Werner; Weisser, Herwig; Naumann, Susanne; Messow, C

doi:10.1258/002367782781110205

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similar obstructive uropathies have been identified in other mouse models [39–41]. It should be noted that the described urethral plugs differ from those previously reported to occur within the proximal urethra near the bladders of healthy laboratory rodent species which may promote retention of urine without causing complete obstruction of urinary outflow[42]. The urethral plugs in the male RTT mice are found in the penile urethras and are able to completely obstruct urine outflow.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Loss of MeCP2 Causes Urological Dysfunction and Contributes to Death by Kidney Failure in Mouse Models of Rett Syndrome

et al. 2016

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Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by loss of acquired skills during development, autonomic dysfunction, and an increased risk for premature lethality. Clinical experience identified a subset of individuals with RTT that present with urological dysfunction including individuals with frequent urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and urine retention requiring frequent catheterization for bladder voiding. To determine if urologic dysfunction is a feature of RTT, we queried the Rett Syndrome Natural History Study, a repository of clinical data from over 1000 individuals with RTT and found multiple instances of urological dysfunction. We then evaluated urological function in a mouse model of RTT and found an abnormal pattern of micturition. Both male and female mice possessing Mecp2 mutations show a decrease in urine output per micturition event. Furthermore, we identified signs of kidney failure secondary to urethral obstruction. Although genetic strain background significantly affects both survival and penetrance of the urethral obstruction phenotype, survival and penetrance of urethral obstruction do not directly correlate. We have identified an additional phenotype caused by loss of MeCP2, urological dysfunction. Furthermore, we urge caution in the interpretation of survival data as an endpoint in preclinical studies, especially where causes of mortality are poorly characterized.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Loss of MeCP2 Causes Urological Dysfunction and Contributes to Death by Kidney Failure in Mouse Models of Rett Syndrome

et al. 2016

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“…(In the nonerect state the middle part of penis turns caudally at acute angle.) The posterior urethra in the male rat is filled with a plug (an eosinophilic mass), occasionally extending into the bladder, which does not inhibit urination or cause harm to adjacent tissues [4]. The lumen of urethra varies in its different segments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bladder functional recovery following acute overdistension

Kang

Wein

Levin

1992

Neurourology and Urodynamics

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The effects of acute overstretching on detrusor function are unclear. Based on a new method to catheterize male rat bladder through the whole urethra, three groups (control, shamoperated, and acute bladder overdistension) of male rats were utilized in the present experiment. The contraction generated by in vitro bladders immediately post-overdistension in response to 2 Hz and 32 Hz stimulation significantly decreased at 0.75 ml and 1.5 ml intravesical volumes respectively; however, by 1 day post-overdistension the contractile responses increased toward normal. By three days the ability of the bladder to generate pressure completely returned to normal, and the average bladder weight for this group was increased. Similarly, the ability to empty was reduced at 0.75 ml and 1.5 ml immediately following overdistension and recovered fully after 3 days. The ability of the sham-operated bladders to empty at high intravesical volume was slightly reduced immediately following overdistension, and this was the only pathophysiological change observed in this group. Acute bladder overdistension did not alter intravesical capacity. It is clear that acute overdistension induced reversible changes in basic bladder function. o 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…We have forty-eight measurements of urethral length from literature 14,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] and twenty estimated corresponding body masses 18,44 . Similarly, twenty-four urethral diameters are obtained from literature 34,42,43,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] and twelve corresponding body masses 18,[55][56][57][58][59][60] , listed in Table 2 and Table 3 in the Supplement. We determine the cross section of urethra A by image analysis.…”

Section: Anatomical Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Law of Urination: all mammals empty their bladders over the same duration

Yang¹,

Pham²,

Choo³

et al. 2013

Preprint

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Many urological studies rely upon animal models such as rats and pigs whose urination physics and correlation to humans are poorly understood. Here we elucidate the hydrodynamics of urination across five orders of magnitude in animal mass. Using high-speed videography and flow-rate measurement at Zoo Atlanta, we discover the "Law of Urination," which states animals empty their bladders over nearly constant duration of 21 ± 13 seconds. This feat is made possible by larger animals having longer urethras, thus higher gravitational force and flow speed. Smaller mammals are challenged during urination due to high viscous and surface tension forces that limit their urine to single drops. Our findings reveal the urethra constitutes as a flow-enhancing device, enabling the urinary system to be scaled up without compromising its function. This study may help in the diagnosis of urinary problems in animals and in inspiring the design of scalable hydrodynamic systems based on those in nature. Significance StatementAnimals eject liquid into environment for waste elimination, communication, and defense from predators. These diverse systems all rely on the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics, which have allowed us to make predictions about urination across a wide range of mammal sizes. In this study, we report a mathematical model that clarifies misconceptions in urology and unifies the results from over 50 independent urological and anatomical studies. The theoretical framework can be extended to study fluid ejection from animals, a topic which has received little attention.

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Urethral plug-a new secondary male sex characteristic in rat and other rodents

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Loss of MeCP2 Causes Urological Dysfunction and Contributes to Death by Kidney Failure in Mouse Models of Rett Syndrome

Loss of MeCP2 Causes Urological Dysfunction and Contributes to Death by Kidney Failure in Mouse Models of Rett Syndrome

Bladder functional recovery following acute overdistension

Law of Urination: all mammals empty their bladders over the same duration

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