Urethral valves

Epidemiology and demography of recently diagnosed cases of posterior urethral valves

“…PUV is the most common cause of congenital bladder outlet obstruction and is responsible for 17% of pediatric end-stage kidney disease (1)(2)(3). With appropriate management, longterm complications can be prevented or minimized in some patients; nevertheless, a large number of patients suffer ongoing bladder dysfunction and progressive kidney injury, resulting in between 22 and 50% proceeding to kidney failure by early adulthood (2,4).…”

Signs on Obstetric Ultrasound Images in the Second Trimester

“…The large rate of PUV cases identified on prenatal sonography with no evidence identified after birth is very surprising [14,15]. On routine second trimester obstetric ultrasound the PUV anomaly may frequently be accompanied by bilateral hydroureteronephrosis thickening of the bladder wall and in males the keyhole sign at the bladder neck (Fig.…”

“…5). This situation forms 10% of all prenatally identified hydronephrosis [14][15][16]. The keyhole sign is considered to be very specific to PUV with findings of dilatation of the posterior urethra with posterior urethral obstruction [17].…”

Posterior urethral valves

“…In fact, 50-70% are diagnosed in the first year of life, with 25-50% seen neonatally. It is quite surprising that despite the widespread use of antenatal sonography, a good number of children do not present until well after birth [1,2].…”