Urgent advice on the public health risk of Shiga-toxin producing<i>Escherichia coli</i>in fresh vegetables

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2274

Cited by 44 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(167 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have reported coexisting STEC- and ETEC-associated virulence genes in E. coli strains of human, animal, and environmental origins (17, 20–25). The notorious sprout-borne outbreak strain O104:H4 in Germany possessed EAEC- and STEC-associated virulence genes (18) pointing to the possibility of extremely pathogenic strains emerging over a short time period (26). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh

Johura

Parveen

Islam

et al. 2017

Front. Public Health

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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are important causes of diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Although ruminant animals are the main source of STEC, diarrhea due to this pathotype is very low in Bangladesh where ETEC remains the predominant group associated with childhood diarrhea. In the present study, E. coli strains (n = 35) isolated from Bangladesh livestock (goats, sheep, and cattle) and poultry (chicken and ducks) were analyzed for the presence of major virulence factors, such as Shiga toxins (STX-1 and STX-2), heat-labile toxin, and heat-stable toxins (STa and STb). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction results revealed 23 (66%) E. coli strains to be virulent possessing either sta (n = 5), stx (stx1, n = 8; stx2, n = 2), or both (n = 8) genes in varying combinations. Thirty-four percent (8/23) of strains from livestock were hybrid type that carried both stx (either stx1 or stx2) and ETEC-specific enterotoxin gene sta. Serotyping results revealed that the ETEC strains belonged to five serotypes, namely O36:H5, O174:H−, O152:H8, O109:H51, and O8:H21, while the STEC-producing strains belonged to serotypes O76:H19 (n = 3), O43:H2 (n = 2), O87:H16 (n = 2), OR:H2 (n = 1), O110:H16 (n = 1), and O152:H8 (n = 1). The STEC–ETEC hybrid strains belonged to serotypes O76:H19 (n = 3), O43:H2 (n = 2), O87:H16, OR:H2, and O152:H8. Forty percent (2/5) of the ETEC and 20% (2/10) of the STEC strains were multidrug resistant with the highest drug resistance (50%) being found in the hybrid strains. Molecular fingerprinting determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and cluster analyses by dendrogram revealed that, genetically, STEC–ETEC hybrid strains were highly heterogeneous. Multidrug-resistant E. coli STEC–ETEC hybrid strains in domesticated animals pose a public health threat for humans in Bangladesh.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh

Johura

Parveen

Islam

et al. 2017

Front. Public Health

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“…From May to June 2011, two separate outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) occurred in Europe and both were caused by shiga toxin producing a strain (STEC) O104:H4. An outbreak centered in Germany included 845 cases of HUS and 54 deaths; the other outbreak, centered in France, included only nine cases of HUS [6] [8]. This was one of the largest outbreaks of poisoning in Shiga Toxin E. coli (STEC) associated with vegetables, and was never reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological Quality and Risk Factors for Contamination of Raw Mixed Vegetable Salads Served in Collective Catering in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

Toe¹,

Dadié²,

Dako³

et al. 2017

AiM

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The aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality of raw mixed vegetable salads served in collective catering in Abidjan and to assess the factors likely to favor contamination. An investigation was conducted to determine the practical risk of contamination. A total of 306 samples were collected and analyzed for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Salmonella according to standard microbiology methods. The most important risk factors were lack of training (96.7%), decontamination (84.0%), cross-contamination of vegetables in contact with fresh chicken or fish (76.7%) and salads that were uncovered and unprotected, thus exposed to the air and at ambient temperature for sale (97.7%). Theprevalence was 100%, 77.8% and 2.6% respectively for Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Salmonella. The average load of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli was 4.93 log 10 (CFU/g) and 1.89 log 10 (CFU/g), respectively. Unsatisfactory microbiological quality samples were 52.3%. The results showed a failure of the sanitary quality in more than half of the products. Raising awareness in all of the workers in the food chain for vegetable salads is thus necessary to protect the health of the consumers.

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“…Exposure assessments were also performed to urgently advice on the STEC threats to public health deriving from the consumption of fresh vegetables. Possible pre-harvest and post-harvest hygiene and control options to mitigate the risk of contamination with the hazardous pathogen were assessed too (35). Indeed, preventing the seed contamination was regarded as of particular importance given the long bacterial survival on seeds and the multiplication during the germination and the sprouting process (favourable growth conditions in terms of temperature and humidity)…”

Section: Another Operational Tool Is the Early Warning And Response System (Ewrs) Of Europeanmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Significant European Foodborne Outbreaks in the Last Decade

Sarno

Pezzutto

Rossi

et al. 2021

Journal of Food Protection

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Foodborne diseases remain a global public health challenge worldwide. The European surveillance system on multistate foodborne outbreaks integrates elements from public and animal health, and the food chain for the early detection, assessment, and control. This review aims to describe the significant outbreaks that occurred in Europe in the last decade. Their significance and relevance in public health laid in the changes, improvements, and novelties that derived and that pushed towards the building of a safer food system in the European Union, certainly driven by the One Health approach. In 2011, a point source monoclonal outbreak of infections caused by Escherichia coli serotype O104:H4 contaminating sprouted seeds recorded hundreds of cases of haemolytic-uremic syndrome and several fatalities. In 2015, a prolonged outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections caused by the contamination of frozen corn affected Europe with 47 cases and nine deaths. In 2016, a persistent polyclonal outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis was linked to the consumption of eggs and was associated with hundreds of cases. These outbreaks commonly highlighted the importance of sharing data (e.g. sequencing and tracing data) with rapidity and the need for harmonizing bioinformatics outputs and computational approaches to facilitate foodborne detection and investigation. Also, they led to the setting of the legal framework for the development of a European collaboration platform to share whole genome sequences data. These outbreaks enabled the enforcement of the existing hygiene and food safety provisions and led the development of new hygiene guidelines and best practises. This paper also briefly touches upon the new trends in information technologies that are being explored in the field of food traceability and safety. Their application aims to enhance the traceability of food throughout the supply chain to redirect the conventional tracing system towards a digitized supply chain.

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Urgent advice on the public health risk of Shiga-toxin producingEscherichia coliin fresh vegetables

Cited by 44 publications

References 109 publications

Occurrence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh

Occurrence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh

Bacteriological Quality and Risk Factors for Contamination of Raw Mixed Vegetable Salads Served in Collective Catering in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

A Review of Significant European Foodborne Outbreaks in the Last Decade

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