Uric acid recycling in the shield bug, Parastrachia japonensis (Hemiptera: Parastrachiidae), during diapause

Kashima, Takayuki; Nakamura, Tomoyasu; Tojo, Sachiko

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.05.003

Cited by 87 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Thus, members of the cockroach gut microflora can degrade uric acid (2). Similarly, antibiotic treatment of shield bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera) eliminates uricolytic bacteria from the gastric cecum and reduces uricolytic activity (5). If microbial degradation of uric acid occurs in the gut lumen of P. americana, then the role of Blattabacterium may be to use the products of uricolysis (urea and ammonia) for amino acid production.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrogen recycling from stored uric acid in shield bugs and termites has been attributed to symbiotic microbes. The presence of Erwinia-like bacteria in Parastrachia japonensis, which are located exclusively in the gastric ceca, correlates with enzymatic uricolysis in the gastric ceca (5). Similarly, Reticulitermes flavipes hindgut bacteria ferment uric acid transported from the fat bodies, via the Malpighian tubules to the hindgut, into ammonia, CO 2 , and acetate (6)(7)(8).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Sabree

Kambhampati

Moran

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

252

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Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation is a primary concern of insects feeding on diets largely composed of plant material. Reclaiming nitrogen from waste products provides a rich reserve for this limited resource, provided that recycling mechanisms are in place. Cockroaches, unlike most terrestrial insects, excrete waste nitrogen within their fat bodies as uric acids, postulated to be a supplement when dietary nitrogen is limited. The fat bodies of most cockroaches are inhabited by Blattabacterium, which are vertically transmitted, Gram-negative bacteria that have been hypothesized to participate in uric acid degradation, nitrogen assimilation, and nutrient provisioning. We have sequenced completely the Blattabacterium genome from Periplaneta americana. Genomic analysis confirms that Blattabacterium is a member of the Flavobacteriales (Bacteroidetes), with its closest known relative being the endosymbiont Sulcia muelleri, which is found in many sap-feeding insects. Metabolic reconstruction indicates that it lacks recognizable uricolytic enzymes, but it can recycle nitrogen from urea and ammonia, which are uric acid degradation products, into glutamate, using urease and glutamate dehydrogenase. Subsequently, Blattabacterium can produce all of the essential amino acids, various vitamins, and other required compounds from a limited palette of metabolic substrates. The ancient association with Blattabacterium has allowed cockroaches to subsist successfully on nitrogen-poor diets and to exploit nitrogenous wastes, capabilities that are critical to the ecological range and global distribution of cockroach species.Flavobacteria ͉ insect endosymbiont ͉ nitrogen conservation ͉ uricolysis

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Sabree

Kambhampati

Moran

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

252

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“…Therefore, little information is available regarding the interaction between the stink bug hosts and their gut and mycetomic symbionts. For example, it is assumed that the cecum-associated bacteria of the shield bug Parastrachia japonensis (Parastrachiidae) are involved in recycling of uric acid (26,31). Moreover, it is speculated that the gut symbiont of the shield bug Cantoa ocellatus (Scutelleridae) is involved in detoxification of plant defense substances (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of an Obligate Intracellular Bacterium in the Midgut Epithelium of the Bulrush Bug Chilacis typhae (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Artheneinae)

Kuechler

Dettner

Kehl

2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Many members of the suborder Heteroptera have symbiotic bacteria, which are usually found extracellularly in specific sacs or tubular outgrowths of the midgut or intracellularly in mycetomes. In this study, we describe the second molecular characterization of a symbiotic bacterium in a monophagous, seed-sucking stink bug of the family Lygaeidae (sensu stricto). Chilacis typhae possesses at the end of the first section of the midgut a structure which is composed of circularly arranged, strongly enlarged midgut epithelial cells. It is filled with an intracellular endosymbiont. This "mycetocytic belt" might represent an evolutionarily intermediate stage of the usual symbiotic structures found in stink bugs. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA and the groEL genes showed that the bacterium belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria, and it revealed a phylogenetic relationship with a secondary bacterial endosymbiont of Cimex lectularius and free-living plant pathogens such as Pectobacterium and Dickeya. The distribution and ultrastructure of the rod-shaped Chilacis endosymbiont were studied in adults and nymph stages using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and electron microscopy. The detection of symbionts at the anterior poles of developing eggs indicates that endosymbionts are transmitted vertically. A new genus and species name, "Candidatus Rohrkolberia cinguli," is proposed for this newly characterized clade of symbiotic bacteria.

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“…However, to our knowledge, no information is available on what pentatomomorphan symbionts provide their hosts. The only exception is the shield bug Parastrachia japonensis (12), for which it has been suggested that the cecum-associated bacteria recycle uric acid (12). Because of the importance of gut symbionts to this diverse and large group of insects, as evidenced by studies concerning the generation of aposymbiotic individuals by chemical or mechanical means, further work on these systems is warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Effects of Temperature on Stink Bug Fitness, via Maintenance of Gut-Associated Symbionts

Prado

Hung

Daugherty

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Impacts of climate change on organisms are already apparent, with effects ranging from the individual to ecosystem scales. For organisms engaged in mutualisms, climate may affect population performance directly or indirectly through mediated effects on their mutualists. We tested this hypothesis for two stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare and Murgantia histrionica, and their gut-associated symbionts. We reared these species at two constant temperatures, 25 and 30°C, and monitored population demographic parameters and the presence of gut-associated symbionts with diagnostic PCR primer sets. Both stink bugs lost their respective gut symbionts within two generations at 30°C. In addition, the insect survivorship and reproductive rates of both A. hilare and M. histrionica at 30°C were lower than at 25°C. Other demographic parameters also indicated a decrease in overall insect fitness at the high temperature. Collectively our data showed that the decrease in host fitness was coupled with, and potentially mediated by, symbiont loss at 30°C. This work illustrates the need to better understand the biology of animal-symbiont associations and the consequences of local climate for the dynamics of these interactions.The effect of climate on organisms, communities, and the environment at large has become a pressing issue for biologists and environmental scientists. Recent studies indicate that previous forecasts were conservative in their predictions for the magnitude of global warming (29). Up-to-date models suggest that the global mean surface temperature will increase by 1.8 to 4°C by the year 2100 (11). The ecological impact of such warming is already apparent (35) in the effects seen on species fitness (24), range shifts (22), species interactions (10), and community structure (32).It is important to note that many macroorganisms live in symbiosis with microbes and that host fitness may be affected indirectly by higher temperatures due to the disruption of mutualistic relationships. Some corals, for example, have symbiotic relationships with photosynthesizing dinoflagellates (zoothanxellae) that provide them with nutrients (31). Higher water temperatures in reef ecosystems, among other factors, induce the expulsion of microbial symbionts by the host, resulting in coral bleaching (15). Therefore, it is plausible that observed effects of climate on species distribution or performance might stem from disruption of symbiotic interactions as much as from direct effects on host biology.Despite the current interest in insect-microbe symbioses, the vast majority of such systems have been poorly studied. A group of insects that has recently received some attention are the true bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomomorpha). Studies in the early 1900s suggested that mutualistic bacteria colonized a portion of the gut of insects in different pentatomomorphan families (9). More specifically, monocultures of bacteria were present in high densities in the crypt-(or cecum-) bearing organ preceding the hindgut of hosts, with different bacterial taxa asso...

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Uric acid recycling in the shield bug, Parastrachia japonensis (Hemiptera: Parastrachiidae), during diapause

Cited by 87 publications

References 28 publications

Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Nitrogen recycling and nutritional provisioning byBlattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont

Characterization of an Obligate Intracellular Bacterium in the Midgut Epithelium of the Bulrush Bug Chilacis typhae (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Artheneinae)

Indirect Effects of Temperature on Stink Bug Fitness, via Maintenance of Gut-Associated Symbionts

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