Urinary 24-h creatinine excretion in adults and its use as a simple tool for the estimation of daily urinary analyte excretion from analyte/creatinine ratios in populations

Johner, Simone A.; Boeing, Heiner; Thamm, Michael

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.121

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Box-Whisker-Plot of estimated daily creatinine excretion in mmol/d using various methods [31][32][33]36]. Presented are median and interquartile range (box) and the 5th and 95th percentile (whiskers) Table 5 Correlation of creatinine estimates obtained with various equations Kawasaki [33] Tanaka [32] Toft [31] Johner [36] Kawasaki [ [50] concluded that the estimates with Kawasaki's equation were the least biased. Brown's equation, in contrast, seems to underestimate daily sodium excretion by a differing degree [49][50][51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five equations to estimate sodium excretion within 24 h from spot urine concentrations of sodium and creatinine were identified from literature [28,[31][32][33][34][35][36] and applied to the dataset. Table 1 provides key information on the study populations that have been used to derive the equations.…”

Section: Urine Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All equations use creatinine to extrapolate spot concentrations to 24-h quantities. Four equations estimated creatinine reference values for this purpose [28,[31][32][33][34]36]. The creatinine reference value is the predicted daily creatinine excretion that depends mainly on muscle metabolism and is fairly constant within a person.…”

Section: Urine Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The creatinine reference value is the predicted daily creatinine excretion that depends mainly on muscle metabolism and is fairly constant within a person. All considered age to estimate the creatinine reference value [28,[31][32][33][34]36] and three equations considered sex [28,31,33,34,36] and body mass/body height [31][32][33][34] (Table 1). Daily sodium excretion is estimated based on concentrations of sodium and creatinine in spot urine specimen and creatinine reference values in four equations [28,[31][32][33].…”

Section: Urine Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium intake in Germany estimated from sodium excretion measured in spot urine samples

2016

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Background: Population sodium intake and its impact on public health has been a subject of a critical scientific debate for many years. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) facilitate the biomarker-based estimation of sodium intake of the German population, although using spot urine concentrations to extrapolate to daily excretion estimates is associated with uncertainties that should be considered. Methods: Casual spot urine samples of 6910 German adults collected in DEGS1 were used to representatively estimate sodium intake of the German population. To extrapolate from spot urine concentrations to daily sodium excretion, five published equations were applied, and the results were compared to recommended sodium intake values. Results: The estimated means range from 166-230 mmol/d (men) and from 124-194 mmol/d (women). The variability of results also differs between applied equations; interquartile ranges vary between 41 and 133 mmol (men) and 21 and 118 mmol (women). Conclusions: Regardless of the applied equation, most German adults consume much more sodium than recommended by several institutions. To reduce uncertainty and to fully exploit the potential of biomarker-based estimates of sodium intake, either the sampling strategy should be expanded or the extrapolation from spot urines to daily intake should be refined.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urine Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urine Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urine Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium intake in Germany estimated from sodium excretion measured in spot urine samples

2016

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“…Thus, taking into account a creatinine correction factor, the dietary intake of potassium can be estimated [18,19]. In addition, the urinary potassium excretion has to be corrected by the absorption and the excretion rate of potassium.…”

Section: Derivation Of the Reference Values For Potassium Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Revised Reference Values for Potassium Intake

Strohm¹,

Ellinger²,

Leschik‐Bonnet³

et al. 2017

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: The nutrition societies of Germany, Austria and Switzerland have revised the reference values for potassium intake in January 2017. Methods: For adults, the estimated value was based on the 24-h urinary potassium excretion and on preventive considerations regarding hypertension and stroke. The estimated values for children and adolescents were extrapolated from the adult estimated value considering differences in body mass. For infants aged 0 to under 4 months, the estimated value was set based on the potassium intake via breast milk. From this reference value, the estimated value for infants aged 4 to under 12 months was also derived by extrapolation. The estimated value for lactating women takes into account the potassium loss via breast milk. Results: The estimated values for potassium intake are set at 400 mg/day for breastfed infants aged 0 to under 4 months, 600 mg/day for infants aged 4 to under 12 months, 1,100-4,000 mg/day for children and adolescents, 4,000 mg/day for adults and pregnant women and 4,400 mg/day for lactating women. Conclusions: The consumption of potassium-rich foods should be generally increased. Supplemental intake beyond the estimated values has no health benefit and is therefore not recommended.

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Urinary phenylethylamine metabolites as potential markers for sports drug testing purposes

Krombholz

Thomas

Piper

et al. 2021

Biomedical Chromatography

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The misuse of 2‐phenylethylamine (PEA) in sporting competitions is prohibited by the World Anti‐Doping Agency. As it is endogenously produced, a method is required to differentiate between naturally elevated levels of PEA and the illicit administration of the drug. In 2015, a sulfo‐conjugated metabolite [2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)acetamide sulfate (M1)] was identified, and pilot study data suggested that the ratio M1/PEA could be used as a marker indicating the oral application of PEA. Within this project, the required reference material of M1 was synthesized, single and multiple dose elimination studies were conducted and 369 native urine samples of athletes were analyzed as a reference population. While the oral administration of only 100 mg PEA did not affect urinary PEA concentrations, an increase in urinary concentrations of M1 was observed for all volunteers. However, urinary concentrations of both PEA and M1 showed relatively large inter‐individual differences and establishing a cut‐off‐level for M1/PEA proved difficult. Consequently, a second metabolite, phenylacetylglutamine, was considered. Binary logistic regression demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) correlation of the urinary M1 and phenylacetylglutamine concentrations with an oral administration of PEA, suggesting that assessing both analytes can assist doping control laboratories in identifying PEA misuse.

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Urinary 24-h creatinine excretion in adults and its use as a simple tool for the estimation of daily urinary analyte excretion from analyte/creatinine ratios in populations

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Sodium intake in Germany estimated from sodium excretion measured in spot urine samples

Sodium intake in Germany estimated from sodium excretion measured in spot urine samples

Revised Reference Values for Potassium Intake

Urinary phenylethylamine metabolites as potential markers for sports drug testing purposes

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