Urinary arsenic concentration adjustment factors and malnutrition

Nermell, Barbro; Lindberg, Anna‐Lena; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Berglund, Marika; Persson, Lars‐Åke; Arifeen, Shams El; Vahter, Marie

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.005

Cited by 208 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This result is only partly in accordance with the scientific literature; Berglund et al (2011), for example, found that u-creatinine levels were correlated to Cd and Pb, but not to Mn. The significant correlation between u-creatinine and many of the monitored compounds support the lack of appropriateness in the use of creatinine correction for their normalization, as already evidenced for trace elements such as As (Nermell et al, 2008) or Cd (Suwazono et al, 2005). The lack of association between u-creatinine and some elements can be related to the known influence on ucreatinine of several factors, like age, gender, body size, mass muscle, meat intake, etc (Suwazono et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Urinary levels of trace elements among primary school-aged children from Italy: The contribution of smoking habits of family members

Protano¹,

Astolfi

Canepari

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Urinary levels of trace elements among primary school-aged children from Italy: The contribution of smoking habits of family members

Protano¹,

Astolfi

Canepari

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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“…There was a higher reference value in the younger age group, which was in disagreement with the reference value of urine Cd with/without correction by urine specific gravity. The concentration of creatinine is highly dependent on body composition and type of diet (15). The present study had an age range from 1 month to 17 years, implicating a larger fluctuation of creatinine level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Urine Cadmium in Children from Non-Polluted Areas of China

Zhao

2017

Iran J Pediatr

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Objectives: The database on cadmium (Cd) concentration in children is limited, especially in China. The present study aimed at evaluating the body burden of Cd and to propose reference values for urine Cd in young children, who lived in areas with no point sources of metal exposure. Methods: Overall, 1170 children aged from 1 month to 17 years old were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire was used to obtain essential information about age, gender, etc. Urine samples were collected to determine urinary Cd and urine creatinine. Results: A total of 1070 children, 544 males and 526 females, were included in the analysis. Based upon their age, the population was divided to three age groups (0 to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 17 years). The reference value of urinary Cd for children without disease and Cd exposure was as follows: 0 to 5 years < 0.56 µg/L, 6 to 11 years < 0.65 µg/L, and 12 to 17 years < 0.74 µg/L. The reference value of urinary Cd adjusted by urine specific gravity was as follows: 0 to 5 years < 0.83 µg/L, 6 to 11 years < 0.01 µg/L, and 12 to 17 years < 1.15 µg/L. The reference value of urinary Cd corrected by urinary creatinine was as follows: 0 to 5 years < 2.17 µg/L, 6 to 11 years < 1.23 µg/L, and 12 to 17 years < 1.25 µg/L. Conclusions:In this study, we determined urine cadmium levels in children from non-polluted areas in china. The reference intervals could be used to offer recommendations for clinical work.

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“…Therefore, urine Cr appears to be an independent variable in the setting of diabetes, which, when used for correction, overestimates the As differences between the diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In a Bangladesh study on 1,466 adults [16], Cr excretion was found to be more dependent than urinary SG on body size, age, gender, and season. The authors concluded that urinary As would be greatly overestimated in children and/or malnourished individuals compared to older and/or better-nourished individuals if adjusted for Cr excretion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SG measurements were performed immediately after thawing of urine for As analysis. Based on experience from previous studies [16], freezing the urine samples does not change the SG (r 2 > 0.95). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated according to the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) formula [estimated GFR (eGFR)] [17] and by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjusting for Urinary Creatinine Overestimates Arsenic Concentrations in Diabetics

Yassine¹,

Kimzey²,

Galligan³

et al. 2011

Cardiorenal Med

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Background/Aims: Arsenic (As) is linked to insulin resistance in animal studies, but the effect of low-level As exposure on the prevalence of diabetes in humans is uncertain. An optimal method to report inorganic As in humans has not been established. Measurements of As in spot urine are usually adjusted to creatinine (Cr). However, urinary Cr is an independent variable in diabetes. Our aims are to optimize reporting of urinary As in the setting of diabetes and insulin resistance. Methods: Urinary inorganic As was measured in 24-hour or first-void spot urine from diabetic (n = 31) and non-diabetic (n = 12) subjects and normalized to Cr or specific gravity (SG). The relation of normalized urinary inorganic As to glycemia and surrogate measures of insulin resistance was investigated. Blood pressure, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin were also assessed. Homeostasis model assessment was used to determine insulin resistance. Results: A strong correlation was found between spot urinary As adjusted to Cr (R² = 0.82) or SG (R² = 0.61) to 24-hour urinary As (p < 0.001), while non-adjusted urinary As did not correlate well (R² = 0.03, p = 0.46). Adjusting for Cr revealed significant differences in total 24-hour urinary As when comparing diabetic to normal subjects. In contrast, no differences were found when As was adjusted to SG using either 24-hour or spot urine. Moreover, adjusted urinary spot or 24-hour As measures did not correlate with measures of glycemia or insulin resistance. Conclusions: Urinary Cr is an independent variable in diabetes, therefore adjusting spot As for SG is preferred.

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Urinary arsenic concentration adjustment factors and malnutrition

Cited by 208 publications

References 40 publications

Urinary levels of trace elements among primary school-aged children from Italy: The contribution of smoking habits of family members

Urinary levels of trace elements among primary school-aged children from Italy: The contribution of smoking habits of family members

Levels of Urine Cadmium in Children from Non-Polluted Areas of China

Adjusting for Urinary Creatinine Overestimates Arsenic Concentrations in Diabetics

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