Urinary cadmium as indicator of renal cadmium in humans: an autopsy study

Orlowski, C; Piotrowski, J.; Subdys, Joanna K; Gross, Adam

doi:10.1177/096032719801700603

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Nilsson et al (2000) found no significant association between U-Cd and K-Cd as determined by an X-ray fluorescence technique in a group of Swedish farmers. Orlowski et al (1998) found a significant association, but this was in an autopsy study using urine samples contaminated with Cd from bladder autolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Associations of Urinary Cadmium with Age and Urinary Proteins: Further Evidence of Physiological Variations Unrelated to Metal Accumulation and Toxicity

Chaumont

Voisin

Deumer

et al. 2013

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: The current risk assessment for environmental cadmium (Cd) largely relies on the assumption that urinary Cd (U-Cd) is a reliable biomarker of the Cd body burden. Recent studies have questioned the validity of this assumption.Objectives: We studied the lifetime trend of U-Cd as a function of diuresis, gender, smoking status, and protein tubular reabsorption. We also analyzed the associations between U-Cd and urinary proteins.Methods: Cd, retinol-binding protein, and albumin were measured in the urine of six cohorts of the general population of Belgium, with a mean age ranging from 5.7 to 88.1 years (n = 1,567). Variations of U-Cd with age were modeled using natural cubic splines.Results: In both genders, U-Cd decreased to a minimum (~ 0.20 μg/L) at the end of adolescence, then increased until 60–70 years of age (~ 0.60 μg/L in never-smokers) before leveling off or decreasing. When U-Cd was expressed in micrograms per gram of creatinine, these variations were amplified (minimum, 0.15 µg/g creatinine; maximum, 0.70 µg/g creatinine) and much higher U-Cd values were observed in women. We observed no difference in U-Cd levels between never-smokers and former smokers, and the difference with current smokers did not increase over time. Lifetime curves of U-Cd were higher with increasing urinary retinol-binding protein or albumin, a consequence of the coexcretion of Cd with proteins.Conclusions: At low Cd exposure levels, U-Cd and age are associated through nonlinear and nonmonotonic relationships that appear to be driven mainly by recent Cd intake and physiological variations in the excretion of creatinine and proteins.Citation: Chaumont A, Voisin C, Deumer G, Haufroid V, Annesi-Maesano I, Roels H, Thijs L, Staessen J, Bernard A. 2013. Associations of urinary cadmium with age and urinary proteins: further evidence of physiological variations unrelated to metal accumulation and toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 121:1047–1053; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306607

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Associations of Urinary Cadmium with Age and Urinary Proteins: Further Evidence of Physiological Variations Unrelated to Metal Accumulation and Toxicity

Chaumont

Voisin

Deumer

et al. 2013

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The urinary creatinine corrected Cd concentration – a well recognized surrogate marker for Cd exposure (Amzal et al, 2009; Choudhury et al, 2001; Jarup et al, 1998; Orlowski et al, 1998) – was defined as the exposure variable. Urinary creatinine corrected Cd was expressed as μg Cd/g creatinine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between urinary cadmium levels and prediabetes in the NHANES 2005–2010 population

Wallia

Allen

Badon

et al. 2014

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Evidence suggests an association between exposure to cadmium and dysglycemia. To investigate this matter, we examined the relationship between urinary cadmium and prediabetes in the cross sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES participants for the years 2005 through 2010 aged ≥40 years were included in the analysis. Participants with nephropathy, overt diabetes, or missing required data were excluded. To assess the non-linear relationship between cadmium and Prediabetes, non-parametric logistic regression with B spline expansion of urinary cadmium/creatinine ratio was performed. This analysis revealed a complex non-linear association between higher cadmium levels and prediabetes. This relationship persisted, though with varying magnitudes across smoking groups (never smokers, moderate smokers, heavy smokers). In a conventional logistic regression analysis, this relationship was less evident with significantly increased OR for prediabetes was found in the highest quintile of urine cadmium compared to the lowest quintile in the overall population and in moderate smokers. In an age stratified analysis, a significant linear association was found only in the age groups 60–69 and ≥70. We conclude that there is a significant non-linear, complex relationship between urinary Cd levels, age, smoking habits and odds of prediabetes.

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“…Measurements included cadmium in blood as a measure mainly of ongoing exposure (expected to be fairly constant over time) and urine as a measure of body burden (cadmium in urine correlates well with cadmium in the kidney cortex; Järup et al 1998; Orlowski et al 1998). To control for possible confounding/effect modification, we also determined lead in blood (Lin et al 2003).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tubular and Glomerular Kidney Effects in Swedish Women with Low Environmental Cadmium Exposure

Åkesson

Lundh²,

Vahter³

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

398

239

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Cadmium is a well-known nephrotoxic agent in food and tobacco, but the exposure level that is critical for kidney effects in the general population is not defined. Within a population-based women’s health survey in southern Sweden (Women’s Health in the Lund Area, WHILA), we investigated cadmium exposure in relation to tubular and glomerular function, from 1999 through early 2000 in 820 women (71% participation rate) 53–64 years of age. Multiple linear regression showed cadmium in blood (median, 0.38 μg/L) and urine (0.52 μg/L; density adjusted = 0.67 μg/g creatinine) to be significantly associated with effects on renal tubules (as indicated by increased levels of human complex-forming protein and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in urine), after adjusting for age, body mass index, blood lead, diabetes, hypertension, and regular use of nephrotoxic drugs. The associations remained significant even at the low exposure in women who had never smoked. We also found associations with markers of glomerular effects: glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance. Significant effects were seen already at a mean urinary cadmium level of 0.6 μg/L (0.8 μg/g creatinine). Cadmium potentiated diabetes-induced effects on kidney. In conclusion, tubular renal effects occurred at lower cadmium levels than previously demonstrated, and more important, glomerular effects were also observed. Although the effects were small, they may represent early signs of adverse effects, affecting large segments of the population. Subjects with diabetes seem to be at increased risk.

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Urinary cadmium as indicator of renal cadmium in humans: an autopsy study

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Associations of Urinary Cadmium with Age and Urinary Proteins: Further Evidence of Physiological Variations Unrelated to Metal Accumulation and Toxicity

Associations of Urinary Cadmium with Age and Urinary Proteins: Further Evidence of Physiological Variations Unrelated to Metal Accumulation and Toxicity

Association between urinary cadmium levels and prediabetes in the NHANES 2005–2010 population

Tubular and Glomerular Kidney Effects in Swedish Women with Low Environmental Cadmium Exposure

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