Urinary concentrations of acrylamide (AA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and associations with demographic factors in the South Korean population

Lee, Jin Heon; Lee, Kee Jae; Ahn, Ryoungme; Kang, Hee-Sook

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.03.005

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In general, increased concentrations of urinary biomarkers of AA in relation to higher consumption of fried potatoes in adults confirmed results from most previous HBM studies 16 , 17 , 26 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 46 , 48 , 56 , 57 . The weak or no associations observed between specific dietary determinants and urinary biomarkers of AA, especially in children/adolescents, has previously been reported in several studies 16 , 17 , 26 , 36 , 56 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Regarding the observed association between high urinary AA biomarkers in children/adolescents and low educational level and living in urban areas, some potential explanations can be provided. Firstly, children/adolescents living in a household of low educational level may consume more processed food (more likely to have high levels of AA) than those living in a high educational level environment since they and/or their parents may have little awareness of healthy dietary habits, including cooking methods, which are known to affect AA exposure 41 , 42 . Secondly, as previously suggested 43 , rural environments are considered greenness locations associated with low exposure to volatile organic compounds present in polluted areas, such as AA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of exposure to acrylamide in European children and adults based on urinary biomarkers: results from the “European Human Biomonitoring Initiative” HBM4EU participating studies

F. Fernández,

Poteser,

Govarts

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Little is known about exposure determinants of acrylamide (AA), a genotoxic food-processing contaminant, in Europe. We assessed determinants of AA exposure, measured by urinary mercapturic acids of AA (AAMA) and glycidamide (GAMA), its main metabolite, in 3157 children/adolescents and 1297 adults in the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative. Harmonized individual-level questionnaires data and quality assured measurements of AAMA and GAMA (urine collection: 2014–2021), the short-term validated biomarkers of AA exposure, were obtained from four studies (Italy, France, Germany, and Norway) in children/adolescents (age range: 3–18 years) and six studies (Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Iceland) in adults (age range: 20–45 years). Multivariable-adjusted pooled quantile regressions were employed to assess median differences (β coefficients) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in AAMA and GAMA (µg/g creatinine) in relation to exposure determinants. Southern European studies had higher AAMA than Northern studies. In children/adolescents, we observed significant lower AA associated with high socioeconomic status (AAMA:β = − 9.1 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI − 15.8, − 2.4; GAMA: β = − 3.4 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI − 4.7, − 2.2), living in rural areas (AAMA:β = − 4.7 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI − 8.6, − 0.8; GAMA:β = − 1.1 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI − 1.9, − 0.4) and increasing age (AAMA:β = − 1.9 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI − 2.4, − 1.4; GAMA:β = − 0.7 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI − 0.8, − 0.6). In adults, higher AAMA was also associated with high consumption of fried potatoes whereas lower AAMA was associated with higher body-mass-index. Based on this large-scale study, several potential determinants of AA exposure were identified in children/adolescents and adults in European countries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of exposure to acrylamide in European children and adults based on urinary biomarkers: results from the “European Human Biomonitoring Initiative” HBM4EU participating studies

F. Fernández,

Poteser,

Govarts

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…In the study of Lee et al (2014a), urinary AA and AAMA were determined by LC-MS/MS in a population of 1 873 South Korean adults. Levels of AA and AAMA were detectable in 98.7 % and 99.4 %, respectively, of the urine samples, with population-weighted geometric means of AA and AAMA being 6.8 ng/mL (95 % CI: 6.4-7.3) and 30.0 ng/mL (95 % CI: 28.2-31.8), respectively, and creatinine-adjusted geometric means 6.2 µg/g creatinine (95 % CI: 5.8-6.7) and 26.4 µg/g creatinine (95 % CI: 24.9-28.0), respectively.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on acrylamide in food

Publication¹

2015

EFS2

341

170

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EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on acrylamide (AA) in food. AA has widespread uses as an industrial chemical. It is also formed when certain foods are prepared at temperatures above 120 °C and low moisture, especially in foods containing asparagine and reducing sugars. The CONTAM Panel evaluated 43 419 analytical results from food commodities. AA was found at the highest levels in solid coffee substitutes and coffee, and in potato fried products. Mean and 95th percentile dietary AA exposures across surveys and age groups were estimated at 0.4 to 1.9 µg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day and 0.6 to 3.4 µg/kg b.w. per day, respectively. The main contributor to total dietary exposure was generally the category 'Potato fried products (except potato crisps and snacks)'. Preferences in home-cooking can have a substantial impact on human dietary AA exposure. Upon oral intake, AA is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to all organs. AA is extensively metabolised, mostly by conjugation with glutathione but also by epoxidation to glycidamide (GA). Formation of GA is considered to represent the route underlying the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA. Neurotoxicity, adverse effects on male reproduction, developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity were identified as possible critical endpoints for AA toxicity from experimental animal studies. The data from human studies were inadequate for dose-response assessment. The CONTAM Panel selected BMDL 10 values of 0.43 mg/kg b.w. per day for peripheral neuropathy in rats and of 0.17 mg/kg b.w. per day for neoplastic effects in mice. The Panel concluded that the current levels of dietary exposure to AA are not of concern with respect to non-neoplastic effects. However, although the epidemiological associations have not demonstrated AA to be a human carcinogen, the margins of exposure (MOEs) indicate a concern for neoplastic effects based on animal evidence. © European Food SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on acrylamide (AA) in food. The Panel developed the draft scientific opinion which underwent a public consultation from 1 July 2014 to 15 September 2014. The comments received and how they were taken into account when finalising the scientific opinion were published in an EFSA Technical Report (EFSA, 2015).AA is a low molecular weight, highly water soluble, organic compound. It is used inter alia as an industrial chemical and in the production of polyacrylamides. Heightened concerns about exposure to AA arose in 2002 when it was discovered that it forms when certain foods are prepared at temperatures usually above 120 °C and low moisture. It forms, at least in part, due to a Maillard reaction between certain amino acids, such as asparagine, and reducing sugars. However, several other pathways and precursors have also been proposed to contribute to AA formation. AA forms in numerous baked or fried carbohydrate-rich f...

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“…Lee et al investigated urinary free acrylamide in the South Korean adult population aged 18 to 69 years (n = 1873) [30]. The population-weighted geometric mean of urinary acrylamide concentrations were reported as 6.8 ng/mL (6.2 μg/g-creatinine) and were significantly different depending on sex, education, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status.…”

Section: Free Acrylamide and Glycidamide In Biological Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%