Urinary Enzymes and Nephrotoxicity in Humans

Price, R. G.; Whiting, P. H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-84313-6_14

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…10 Deceased renal tubular reabsorption capacity is characterised by elevated low molecular weight protein levels in the urine, such as α1-microglobulin and β2-microglobulin, and early renal tubular insult by increased proximal tubular enzymuria. [11][12][13][14] In this regard, elevated NAG enzymuria (the urine excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase) has been used to indicate the early onset of renal insult in several clinical states in general (e.g., drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and the diabetic state in particular). 12,15 In addition, cystatin C in combination with β2-microglobulin 16 and α1-microglobulin 17 have both been suggested as markers of early diabetic nephropathy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum cystatin C, enzymuria, tubular proteinuria and early renal insult in type 2 diabetes

Kalansooriya

Holbrook

Jennings

et al. 2007

British Journal of Biomedical Science

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This study investigates the association between serum cystatin C, serum creatinine concentrations, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG enzymuria), urine alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1-MG) and beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes (n=40, 20M/20F, age range 25-65 years; duration of diabetes 8-10 years) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n= 20). Exclusion criteria were absence of gross proteinuria, hypertension, dyslipidaemia or cardiovascular disease. Fasting blood samples and mid-stream specimen of urine (MSSU) were collected and serum creatinine, cystatin C, urine creatinine, NAG enzymuria, alpha1-MG and beta2-MG were measured. Diabetic subjects were separated into two groups based on albumin:creatinine concentration ratio. Group A: <3.5 (mg/mmol creatinine), group B: 3.5-35 (mg/mmol creatinine). While serum creatinine concentrations remained within the laboratory reference range for all groups, serum cystatin C concentration (mg/L) was significantly increased in group B (1.79 +/- 0.42 [mean +/- SD] compared to both control [0.81 +/- 0.10] and group A values [0.95 +/- 0.10]; both P<0.001). NAG enzymuria (units/mmol creatinine) was increased in both diabetic groups compared to control values (group B: 122 +/- 7, group A: 70 +/- 5, controls 27 +/- 2, all P<0.001). alpha1-microglobulin (microg/mmol creatinine) concentrations, similar in both the control group and group A diabetics at 1.10 +/- 0.10 and 1.11 +/- 0.21, respectively, were significantly elevated in group B at 2.10 +/- 0.41 (both P<0.01). Similarly, elevated beta2-MG (microg/mmol creatinine) levels were also observed in group B compared to both group A and control values (3.20 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.80 +/- 0.51 and 0.91 +/- 0.11, respectively; both P<0.001). In addition, group B levels were significantly higher than group A (P<0.001). These observations suggest that serum cystatin C is a more appropriate and effective biomarker for the overall estimation of GFR than serum creatinine values. In addition, increased serum cystatin C values were also associated with early renal tubular insult in subjects with type 2 diabetes, as characterised by increased NAG enzymuria, alpha1- and beta2-microglobulin excretion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum cystatin C, enzymuria, tubular proteinuria and early renal insult in type 2 diabetes

Kalansooriya

Holbrook

Jennings

et al. 2007

British Journal of Biomedical Science

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“…Urine samples were collected twenty-four hours after the galactosamine hydrochloride injection for the determination of N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) (Price and Whiting, 1992). Creatinine was determined in the collected 24h urine (Houot, 1985) for the calculation of creatinine clearance.…”

Section: Biological Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of <em>Nigella sativa</em> crude oil and its blend with omega-3 fatty acid-rich oils in a modified hepatorenal syndrome model in rats

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY:In the present study, the hepato and reno-protective effect of Nigella sativa crude oil and its binary blend with omega-3 fatty acid-rich oils (fish and flaxseed oils) was studied in a modified hepatorenal syndrome model (MHRS) in rats. MHRS was induced through feeding a high fructose diet followed by an intraperitoneal injection of galactosamine hydrochloride. Nigella oil and its different blends were given as a daily oral dose to MHRS rats. Two control groups of MHRS and normal healthy rats were run. Different biochemical and nutritional parameters were assessed. The induction of MHRS produced liver and kidney dysfunction, and elevated oxidative stress, an inflammatory biomarker, endothelin 1, and plasma cholesterol. Reduced plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin and Ca and elevated urinary N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase and liver fats were noticed. The administration of Nigella crude oil that originally had 0.2% total omega-3 fatty acids or its blend with fish oil (17.9% omega-3) or flaxseed oil (42.1% omega-3) significantly improved all biochemical parameters of MHRS. There was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters among the different oil treated groups regardless of the omega-3 fatty acid content. This may point out to the potential profound effect of the volatile oil fraction of Nigella crude oil which may compensates for its low omega-3 content. KEYWORDS: Hepatorenal syndrome; Nigella crude oil; Oil blends; Omega-3 fatty acidsRESUMEN: Evaluación del efecto terapéutico del aceite crudo de Nigella sativa y su mezcla con aceites ricos en ácidos grasos omega-3 en un modelo de síndrome hepatorenal modificado en ratas. En el presente estudio, el efecto hepato-y reno-protector de aceites crudos de Nigella sativa y su mezcla binaria con aceites ricos en ácidos grasos omega-3 (pescado y aceites de linaza) fue estudiado en un modelo modificado de síndrome hepatorenal (MHRS) en ratas. MHRS fue inducido a través de la alimentación de una dieta alta en fructosa seguido de la inyección intraperitoneal de clorhidrato de galactosamina. Diferentes aceites fueron suministrados como dosis oral diaria a ratas con MHRS. Se realizaron dos grupos de control de MHRS y ratas sanas normales. Se evaluaron diferentes parámetros bioquímicos y nutricionales. La inducción de la MHRS produce disfunción hepática y renal, elevado estrés oxidativo y biomarcadores inflamatorios, endotelina 1, y colesterol en plasma. Se observó una reducción del colesterol plasmatico de lipoproteínas de alta densidad, albúmina y Ca, elevación en orina de N-acetil-β-D-glucosaminidasa y de la grasa del hígado. La administración de aceite crudo de Nigella que tiene un 0,2% de ácidos grasos omega-3 totales o su mezcla con aceite de pescado (17,9% de omega-3) o aceite de linaza (42,1% de omega-3) mejoró significativamente todos los parámetros bioquímicos de MHRS. No hubo diferencia significativa en los parámetros bioquímicos entre los diferentes grupos tratados con los aceites ensayados independientemente del contenido de áci...

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“…Renal damage is often occurs basically in specific regions of the nephron [2] and in most instance are irreversible [3] . Variety of procedures have been used to diagnose renal damage and the final diagnosis however is dependent on morphological evidence such as biopsy material which is carried out when the disease is well established [1] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variety of procedures have been used to diagnose renal damage and the final diagnosis however is dependent on morphological evidence such as biopsy material which is carried out when the disease is well established [1] . Most commonly used renal function tests are insensitive and fail to identify early lesions, in addition biopsy sampling is not recommended in most cases except in the presence of well established renal disease [3] . The side effects of these procedure used such as the effect of X-ray and biopsy have urged the investigators to search a non-invasive procedure which can be used as an early and sensitive indicator for kidney damage and for a continuous monitoring of kidney patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Enzymes and Microalbuminuria as Indicators of Renal Nephropathy in Saudi Patients

Lary¹

2008

sci

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Abstract. In the current work we tried to investigate some new biochemical markers in the urine of kidney patients, kidney transplant recipients and control subjects of the Saudi population, such markers are N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminopeptidase (AAP) as well as microalbuminuria. Kidney patients, males and females, age ranged from 16-85 years, and kidney transplant recipients, male and female, age ranged from 18-75 years.Results from control subjects showed a slight elevation of total urinary protein and NAG in females. This may be due to the higher level of creatinine concentration in male subjects, that would result in lower protein concentration and NAG activity when expressed in terms of creatinine. Microalbuminuria, glucose and pH results were in close agreement with the published data and no sex differences were recorded when compared with the males. There were statistically significant differences in most of parameters investigated between kidney patients and the normal population except for glucose level and pH value. The reduction in creatinine concentration may reflect changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GRF). Higher levels of urinary NAG activity were associated with high microalbuminuria and raised AAP levels.Increase urinary NAG predominantly reflects decreased renal function and tubular damage. ALP increased levels reflect a lesion of the proximal convoluted tubules and/or intensive degeneration of the tubular epithelial cells. The increase in NAG activity correlates well with urinary protein and may indicate an increase in activity of renal tubular cells. Kidney transplant recipients showed a significant increase in NAG, ALP and AAP enzymes compared to control subjects. The marked increase in most parameters may indicate that patients are in an immediate functioning graft.

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Urinary Enzymes and Nephrotoxicity in Humans

Cited by 14 publications

References 56 publications

Serum cystatin C, enzymuria, tubular proteinuria and early renal insult in type 2 diabetes

Serum cystatin C, enzymuria, tubular proteinuria and early renal insult in type 2 diabetes

Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of <em>Nigella sativa</em> crude oil and its blend with omega-3 fatty acid-rich oils in a modified hepatorenal syndrome model in rats

Urinary Enzymes and Microalbuminuria as Indicators of Renal Nephropathy in Saudi Patients

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