Urinary Excretion of 11-nor-9-Carboxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinoids in Frequent and Infrequent Drug Users

Smith-Kielland, Anne; Skuterud, Bjørn; Mørland, Jörg

doi:10.1093/jat/23.5.323

Cited by 115 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS or LC/MS) are the ''gold standard'' procedures. In some previous studies, the window of detection for THC-COOH or cannabinoids in urine samples was demonstrated with ranges from several days in infrequent users 27,30,[38][39][40][41][42] to weeks or months 28,[43][44][45][46][47] in frequent users (Table 1). In Figure 2, the cannabinoid elimination in plasma and urine of a heavy cannabis user is demonstrated.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Cannabinoid Concentrations In Urine Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent studies, the Huestis criteria were successfully applied when monitoring subjects in an uncontrolled setting, with the minimum time period between urine specimens being at least 48 or 96 hours. 53,54 Smith-Kielland et al 41 studied the urinary excretion of THC-COOH in infrequent and frequent drug users and measured mean excretion half-lives of 1.3 and 1.4 days, respectively. In the latter group, apparent terminal urinary excretion half-lives up to 10.3 days were observed.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Cannabinoid Concentrations In Urine Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Review of Biologic Matrices (Urine, Blood, Hair) as Indicators of Recent or Ongoing Cannabis Use

Mußhoff¹,

Madea²

2006

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

218

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Especially for cannabinoids, analytical procedures for the verification of recent use and generally for the assessment of the extent of drug abuse are of interest in clinical and forensic toxicology. For confirmation of abstinence, urine analysis seems to be a useful tool. Serial monitoring of THC-COOH to creatinine ratios can differentiate between recent drug use and residual THC-COOH excretion (THC-COOH/creatinine ratio Z0.5 compared with previous specimen ratio). For an assessment of the extent of cannabis use, the determination of free and bound THC-COOH and especially of THC and 11-OH-THC glucuronides are suggested as useful but need further confirmation. Blood analysis is preferred for the interpretation of acute effects after cannabis abuse. The cannabis influence factor (CIF) was demonstrated as a better tool to interpret the concentrations of THC and its metabolites in blood in forensic cases and therefore it was proposed to assume absolute driving inability because of cannabis intoxication from a CIF Z10. Additionally, a higher CIF is indicative of a recent cannabis abuse. Also discrimination between occasional use of cannabis and regular drug consumption is possible by analysis of THC-COOH in blood samples because of the long plasma half-life of THC-COOH and its accumulation in the blood of frequent cannabis consumers. In routine tests, blood samples have to be taken within a prescribed 8-day-period, and a THC-COOH concentration >75 ng/mL is assumed to be associated with regular consumption of cannabis products, whereas plasma THC-COOH concentrations <5 ng/mL are associated with occasional consumption. In contrast to other illicit drugs, hair analysis lacks the sensitivity to act as a detector for cannabinoids. THC and especially the main metabolite THC-COOH have a very low incorporation rate into hair and THC is not highly bound to melanin, resulting in much lower concentrations in hair compared with other drugs. Additionally, THC is present in cannabis smoke and also can be incorporated into the hair only by contamination. For the determination of the main metabolite THC-COOH in the picogram or femtogram per milligram range, which indicates an active consumption, special analytical procedures, such as GC/MS/MS techniques, are required.

show abstract

Section: Interpretation Of Cannabinoid Concentrations In Urine Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interpretation Of Cannabinoid Concentrations In Urine Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Biologic Matrices (Urine, Blood, Hair) as Indicators of Recent or Ongoing Cannabis Use

Mußhoff¹,

Madea²

2006

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

218

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 3 and its 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) metabolite's urinary disposition are well characterized (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), although less is known about frequent cannabis smoking and phase II cannabis metabolites. Recent research documented extended excretion of cannabinoids in abstinent chronic daily smokers' blood and urine given THC's lipophilicity and large body stores (8 -9, 14 -15 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Cannabinoid Disposition in Occasional and Frequent Smokers: Is THC-Glucuronide in Sequential Urine Samples a Marker of Recent Use in Frequent Smokers?

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND There is extended urinary excretion of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) in abstinent frequent cannabis smokers. We characterized THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, cannabidiol, cannabinol, THC-glucuronide, and THCCOOH-glucuronide disposition in urine of frequent and occasional cannabis smokers, and we propose a model to predict recent cannabis smoking. METHODS Frequent and occasional smokers resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum. Urinary cannabinoids were quantified in each void by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry within 24 h of collection. RESULTS No urine samples had measureable THC, 11-OH-THC, cannabidiol, or cannabinol. THCCOOH, THC-glucuronide, and THCCOOH-glucuronide were measurable in all frequent smokers' urine and 60%, 100%, and 100% of occasional smokers' urine samples, respectively. Pre- and postdose maximal concentrations (non- and creatinine normalized) and probability of being positive were significantly higher in frequent smokers' samples. THC-glucuronide concentrations peaked 0.6–7.4 h after smoking; THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide concentrations were highly variable. At the newly adopted THCCOOH 175-μg/L World Anti-Doping Agency decision limit, only 50% of frequent smokers were positive 0–6 h postdose; no occasional smokers' samples were positive. An absolute %difference of ≥50% between 2 consecutive THC-glucuronide–positive samples with a creatinine-normalized concentration of ≥2 μg/g in the first sample predicted cannabis smoking with efficiencies of 93.1% in frequent and 76.9% in occasional smokers within 6 h of first sample collection. CONCLUSIONS These controlled urinary cannabinoid data provide a possible means of identifying recent cannabis intake in cannabis smokers' urine within a short collection time frame after smoking.

show abstract

“…Par exemple, dans le cas d'une consommation peu importante mais répétée (un «joint» par jour contenant 1,75 ou 3,55 % de THC pendant 2 semaines), elles sont comprises entre 44 et 60 heures (25). Chez de gros consommateurs réguliers, du THC-COOH peut être encore présent dans les urines 27 jours après arrêt de la consommation (26).…”

Section: (24)unclassified

Cannabis sativa var. indica : une plante complexe aux effets pervers

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Urinary Excretion of 11-nor-9-Carboxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinoids in Frequent and Infrequent Drug Users

Cited by 115 publications

References 15 publications

Review of Biologic Matrices (Urine, Blood, Hair) as Indicators of Recent or Ongoing Cannabis Use

Review of Biologic Matrices (Urine, Blood, Hair) as Indicators of Recent or Ongoing Cannabis Use

Urinary Cannabinoid Disposition in Occasional and Frequent Smokers: Is THC-Glucuronide in Sequential Urine Samples a Marker of Recent Use in Frequent Smokers?

Cannabis sativa var. indica : une plante complexe aux effets pervers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About