Urinary Excretion of Fluoride following Defluoridation of a Water Supply

Likins, R. C.; McClure, F.J.; Steere, A. C.

doi:10.2307/4589402

Cited by 49 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…While information is not available as to the water F level in the area from which these children moved to their present residence, we may speculate that certainly in the majority of cases they came from areas with higher levels of F in the drinking water, that the present high output of F in the urine is a factor of past water F exposure, and that the children con tinue to mobilize skeletal F deposited prior to moving into the test area. This premise is supported by the finding of Likins et al [1956] that urinary F values in children re mained near 2 ppm 27 months after the drinking water F level was decreased from 8.0 to 1.0 ppm. While F levels in the study of Likins et al are much higher than in the present study, the parallel is apparent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…This 23-fold difference in water F was associated with a 19-fold urinary F difference. The studies of Likins et al [1956] in adults drinking water at 8.0 ppm F and for 27 months after adjustment to 1.0 ppm demonstrated clearly that skeletal F stored while drinking the high-F water was still being mobilized more than 2 years after water adjustment. Zipkin et al [1956] found that as early as 1 week after water F levels were adjusted from 0.1-0.3 to 1.0 ppm children and adults were respond ing differently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Fluoride Concentration in 6- to 9-Year-Old Children Drinking Water with a Very Low Fluoride Level

Shannon¹,

Sanders²

1979

Caries Res

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Midmorning urine samples were collected from 623 first- and second-grade children in four elementary schools. The mean for water F content in the residential area from which the population was drawn was 0.024 ppm (55 samples). The mean urine F concentration for all subjects was 0.42 ppm (SD = 0.22). There were no significant differences in urine F levels as a factor of sex or age. Children living in the area for no more than 1 year excreted significantly higher levels of F in the urine than did the longer-resident youngsters. This is attributed to their probable exposure to higher F levels in drinking water prior to moving into this low-F area. The urine F mean was 17.5 times that of the drinking water F. Urine F measurements, therefore, cannot be taken as indicative of F content of drinking water when the concentration in water is very low.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Fluoride Concentration in 6- to 9-Year-Old Children Drinking Water with a Very Low Fluoride Level

Shannon¹,

Sanders²

1979

Caries Res

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“…One may speculate that if the period of F interruption were longer, UFE might continue to decline over time, albeit very slowly. A previous study reported that UFE continued to exhibit a slight decrease even after 113 weeks; however, subjects had been chronically exposed to an above-optimal water supply (8.0 ppm F) and the water was de-fluoridated to an optimal level (0.7 ppm F) [13]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, there is a lack of methodological standardization in studies investigating UFE following the discontinuation of F intake. Such studies have comprised individuals in different age groups [13,14], with different sources of F, such as in supplements [14,15] or milk [15], and different F concentrations [13]. Considering the lack of scientific evidence on the effect of the discontinuation of F from water and toothpaste, it is important to investigate the release of F retained following the discontinuation of intake and the effect after F re-exposure under controlled conditions, using urine as a biomarker.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Discontinuation of Fluoride Intake from Water and Toothpaste on Urinary Excretion in Young Children

Martins

Paiva

Cury

2011

IJERPH

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As there is no homeostatic mechanism for maintaining circulating fluoride (F) in the human body, the concentration may decrease and increase again when intake is interrupted and re-started. The present study prospectively evaluated this process in children exposed to F intake from water and toothpaste, using F in urine as a biomarker. Eleven children from Ibiá, Brazil (with sub-optimally fluoridated water supply) aged two to four years who regularly used fluoridated toothpaste (1,100 ppm F) took part in the study. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected at baseline (Day 0, F exposure from water and toothpaste) as well as after the interruption of fluoride intake from water and dentifrice (Days 1 to 28) (F interruption) and after fluoride intake from these sources had been re-established (Days 29 to 34) (F re-exposure). Urinary volume was measured, fluoride concentration was determined and the amount of fluoride excreted was calculated and expressed in mg F/day. Urinary fluoride excretion (UFE) during the periods of fluoride exposure, interruption and re-exposure was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Mean UFE was 0.25 mg F/day (SD: 0.15) at baseline, dropped to a mean of 0.14 mg F/day during F interruption (SD: 0.07; range: 0.11 to 0.17 mg F/day) and rose to 0.21 (SD: 0.09) and 0.19 (SD: 0.08) following F re-exposure. The difference between baseline UFE and the period of F interruption was statistically significant (p < 0.05), while the difference between baseline and the period of F re-exposure was non-significant (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that circulating F in the body of young children rapidly decreases in the first 24 hours and again increases very fast after discontinuation and re-exposure of F from water and toothpaste.

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“…Elim ination of excess fluoride stored in th e system m ay persist for m onths and even years [12,13]. In low-fluoride areas (D etroit, Mich., 0.1 to 0.2 p.p.m .…”

Section: Role O F Fluoridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetaniform Convulsions Precipitated by Fluoridated Drinking Water

Waldbott¹

1957

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

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Urinary Excretion of Fluoride following Defluoridation of a Water Supply

Cited by 49 publications

References 10 publications

Urinary Fluoride Concentration in 6- to 9-Year-Old Children Drinking Water with a Very Low Fluoride Level

Urinary Fluoride Concentration in 6- to 9-Year-Old Children Drinking Water with a Very Low Fluoride Level

Effect of Discontinuation of Fluoride Intake from Water and Toothpaste on Urinary Excretion in Young Children

Tetaniform Convulsions Precipitated by Fluoridated Drinking Water

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