Urinary Incontinence in Competitive Women Powerlifters: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Abstract

Background Urinary incontinence (UI) can negatively affect a woman’s quality of life, participation in sport and athletic performance. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of UI in competitive women powerlifters; identify possible risk factors and activities likely to provoke UI; and establish self-care practices. Methods This international cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey completed by 480 competitive women powerlifters aged between 20 and 71 years. The Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) was used to determine the severity of UI. Results We found that 43.9% of women had experienced UI within the three months prior to this study. The deadlift was the most likely, and the bench-press the least likely exercise to provoke UI. ISI scores were positively correlated with parity (τ = 0.227, p < 0.001), age (τ = 0.179, p < 0.001), competition total (τ = 0.105, p = 0.002) and body mass index score (τ = 0.089, p = 0.009). There was no significant correlation between ISI and years strength training (τ = − 0.052, p = 0.147) or years powerlifting (τ = 0.041, p = 0.275). There was a negative correlation between ISI score with having a pelvic floor assessment (η = 0.197), and the ability to correctly perform pelvic floor exercises (η = 0.172). Conclusion The prevalence of UI in this cohort was at the upper limit experienced by women in the general population. Women who had undergone a pelvic floor examination or were confident in correctly performing pelvic floor exercises experienced less severe UI.

[Retracted] Focus on the Analysis of the Effect of Solving the Nursing Mode on the Time of the Production Time of the First Maternity and the Subjective Happiness of the Postpartum

“…is can be able to a series of problems that occur in the nursing process in efficient and timely resolution [21,22].…”

“…The main reason is that the care method can formulate targeted goals based on the psychological characteristics of the first mother and cooperate with investigation, feedback, and target evaluation. This can be able to a series of problems that occur in the nursing process in efficient and timely resolution [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Association Between Obstetric History and Urinary Incontinence in a Cohort of Resistance-Trained Women

“…Data for this study were collected through three cross-sectional surveys that examined the prevalence and risk factors for UI in powerlifters, weightlifters and CrossFit participants. [6][7][8] The surveys utilised the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI); a validated tool to determine the frequency and severity of UI. 15 UI was defined as an ISI score greater than zero.…”

“…4 The four main risk factors for UI include age, parity, mode of birth and BMI. 1 The association between age, parity and BMI and UI in resistance-trained women has previously been investigated [5][6][7][8][9] however, very little is known about the association between obstetric history and UI in resistance-trained women.…”

“…This study is one in a series of studies investigating the prevalence of UI and possible risk factors for UI in women who participate in powerlifting, weightlifting, or CrossFit at a competitive level. [5][6][7][8] Previous studies investigated the association between age, BMI, parity and UI. This final study focuses on obstetric history, previous urogenital surgery, and UI.…”