Urinary iodine excretion in a geographically stratified Danish population sample not affected by iodination programmes.

Haas, Vagn; Marley, Margaret; Green, Anders; Date, J.; Blichert-Toft, M; Mogensen, Erik F.

doi:10.1530/acta.0.1190125

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In contrast to Sackett-Lundeen et al (1990) but in accordance with Thomson et al (1996) we did not ®nd any clear circadian rhythm in iodine excretion although the iodine excretion seems to be lowest in the morning. Likewise, Haas et al (1988) did not ®nd any difference between iodine excreted in ®ve hours in the afternoon and iodine excreted in ®ve hours in the evening in a Danish population indicating no circadian rhythm in iodine excretion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Day-to-day and within-day variation in urinary iodine excretion

1999

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Objective: To examine the day-to-day and within-day variation in urinary iodine excretion and the day-to-day variation in iodine intake. Design: Collection of consecutive 24-h urine samples and casual urine samples over 24 h. Setting: The study population consisted of highly motivated subjects from our Institute. Subjects: Study 1: Ten healthy subjects (seven females and three males) aged 30 ± 46 y. Study 2: Twenty-two healthy subjects (9 males and 13 females) aged 30 ± 55 y. Methods: Study 1: 24-h urine samples were collected for four consecutive days. Study 2: Each urine voided over 24 h was collected into separate containers. In both studies dietary records were kept. Main outcome measures: Twenty-four-hour urinary iodine excretion, 24-h urinary iodine excretion estimated as IaCr*24 h Cr and as a concentration in casual urine samples. Results: Study 1: Both iodine excreted in 24-h urine and iodine intake varied from day-to-day. Iodine excretion correlated with iodine intake (r 0.46, P 0.01). Iodine intake (mean 89AE 6.5 mgad) was not signi®cantly different from iodine excretion (mean 95 AE 5.3 mgad). Study 2: Twenty-four hour iodine excretion estimated as IaCr*24 h Cr from the morning urine sample was signi®cantly lower than actual 24-h iodine excretion, whereas 24-h iodine excretion estimated as IaCr*24 h Cr from the ®rst sample after the morning sample and the last sample before the subjects went to bed was not signi®cantly different from actual 24-h iodine excretion. Twentyfour-hour urine excretion estimated as a concentration was lower than actual 24-h iodine excretion in casual urine taken at any time of the day. Conclusions: For determination of iodine status in an individual, more than one 24-h urine sample must be used. The use of the IaCr ratio in casual urine samples is a usable measure of iodine status if corrected for the age-and sex-adjusted 24-h creatinine excretion. Further, the study suggests that fasting morning urine samples would underestimate iodine status in this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Day-to-day and within-day variation in urinary iodine excretion

1999

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“…12 Goiter prevalence in the studied areas ranged from 8% to 30%. These figures are much less than what is reported by other countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Iodine Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

et al. 1997

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Data on the status of iodine deficiency in the Arabian peninsula is scarce. We have conducted a cross-sectional national epidemiological survey in Saudi Arabia to study the iodine status of Saudi schoolchildren, between eight and ten years, who were randomly selected, after taking into consideration the gender, provincial population and area distribution. Casual urine samples were collected and sent to the central laboratory for analysis. Clinical assessment for the presence of goiter was conducted in four areas with different geographical natures. The survey included 4638 subjects, and their median and mean (SD) of urinary iodine concentration was 18 and 17 μg/dL, respectively. We found provincial differences with respect to urinary iodine concentration and the percentage of subjects with urinary iodine concentration <10 μg/dL. The Southern province had the lowest median (11 μg/dL) and the highest percentage (45%) of subjects with urinary iodine concentration <10 μg/dL. On the other hand, subjects of the Western province had the highest median (24 μg/dL) and the lowest percentage (8%) of subjects with urinary iodine concentration <10 μg/dL. The clinical assessment revealed that the highest prevalence and more advanced grade of goiter (22%, 95% CI 19-25, grade 1; 8%, 95% CI 6-10, grade 2) was found in the Asir region, a highaltitude area in the Southern province. The lowest prevalence of goiter (4%, 95% CI 0.8-7.2, grade 1) was found in Gizan, an urban coastal community. There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of goiter and the urinary iodine concentration. The survey for iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) in Saudi Arabia has shown a mild degree of iodine deficiency in the Southern province. Odds ratio (OR) was used to study the statistical relationship between the prevalence of goiter and the urinary iodine concentration. There is a need to launch a control program to ensure the exclusive availability of iodized salt in

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“…This may cause a relative iodide deficiency state in the gland, which may be responsible for the goitrogenic effect of cigarette smoking, especially in areas with manifest or relative iodine deficiency such as Denmark (22). This mechanism may in part explain the diverging results and the regional differences in the goitrogenic effect of cigarette smoking.…”

Section: Cigarette Smoking and Goitermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and the Thyroid

Bertelsen

Hegedűs²

1994

Thyroid

142

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Relevant English language articles published from 1970 through 1993 regarding the possible influence of cigarette smoking on the thyroid were identified through a MEDLINE search and manual searches of identified articles. Thiocyanate in tobacco smoke influences the thyroid by a competitive inhibition of iodine uptake and organification in the gland. Also the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by cigarette smoke and benzpyrene, another constituent of tobacco, is thought to influence thyroid gland function. The thyroid hormones and TSH receptor autoantibodies are not affected by smoking, but serum TSH levels have been found to be slightly reduced. Smokers have a higher frequency of goiter and increased serum thyroglobulin levels, especially in iodine-deficient areas. Graves' ophthalmopathy is strongly associated with cigarette smoking; the more severe the eye disease the stronger the association. Graves' disease without ophthalmopathy is also associated with smoking, though this association is weaker. Thiocyanate level in cord blood equilibrates completely with the level in the mother, and a reverse correlation has been demonstrated between birth weight and thiocyanate level in cord blood. Cigarette smoking induces similar changes in thyroid function in the adult and the fetus. No separate study has elucidated the effects of cessation of smoking, but there seems to be longstanding effects induced by smoking, some probably irreversible.

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Urinary iodine excretion in a geographically stratified Danish population sample not affected by iodination programmes.

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Day-to-day and within-day variation in urinary iodine excretion

Day-to-day and within-day variation in urinary iodine excretion

Iodine Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

Cigarette Smoking and the Thyroid

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