Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Azizi, Fereidoun; Aminorroya, A; Hedayati, Mehdi; Rezvanian, Hassan; Amini, Masoud; Mirmiran, Parvin

doi:10.1079/phn2002366

Cited by 52 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Iodized salt consumption, promoted for years in areas that are now classified as free of iodine deficiency may not be sufficient for pregnant women. In Teheran and Ilan (Islamic Republic of Iran, which was declared free of iodine deficiency by the World Health Organization in 2002), as many as 28% of pregnant women had urinary iodine concentrations below the value (150 mg=L) that corresponds to the minimum accepted iodine intake of 250 mg per day (26). Similar findings were reported from several European countries.…”

supporting

confidence: 59%

Delayed Neurobehavioral Development in Children Born to Pregnant Women with Mild Hypothyroxinemia During the First Month of Gestation: The Importance of Early Iodine Supplementation

Berbel

Mestre

Santamaría

et al. 2009

Thyroid

334

243

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Maternal hypothyroxinemia, due to gestational iodine deficiency, causes neurological dysfunctions in the progeny. Our aim was to determine the effects of delayed iodine supplementation (200 mg KI per day) to mildly hypothyroxinemic pregnant women at the beginning of gestation (i.e., having circulating free thyroxine [FT 4 ] within the 0th-10th percentile interval and normal thyrotropin [TSH]) on the neurobehavioral development of their children. Methods: Using the Brunet-Lézine scale, we evaluated the neurocognitive performance at 18 months of age in three groups of children. Group 1 included children of women with FT 4 above the 20th percentile at 4-6 gestational weeks and at full-term. Group 2 included children of mildly hypothyroxinemic women diagnosed during the first 12-14 gestational weeks and with FT 4 above the 20th percentile at full-term. Group 3 included children born to mildly hypothyroxinemic women at full-term, without iodine supplementation during gestation. Women of all groups were iodine supplemented from the day of enrollment until the end of lactation. Results: Before iodine supplementation, 33.0% of the women (114 out of 345) were hypothyroxinemic, with FT 4 below normal in 28 of them (8.1%). None were found to be hypothyroxinemic at full-term after supplementation. The mean (AESD) developmental quotient of children was 101.8 AE 9.7 in group 1 (n ¼ 13) vs. 87.5 AE 8.9 in group 3 (n ¼ 19; p < 0.001) and 92.2 AE 5.4 in group 2 (n ¼ 12; p < 0.05). The difference between groups 2 and 3 was not statistically significant. Delayed neurobehavioral performance was observed in 36.8% and 25.0% of children in groups 3 and 2, respectively, compared with no children in group 1. Differences ( p < 0.001) were found on gross and fine motor coordination and socialization quotients. No statistically significant differences were found on language quotients. Conclusions: A delay of 6-10 weeks in iodine supplementation of hypothyroxinemic mothers at the beginning of gestation increases the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in the progeny. Public health programs should address the growing problem of iodine deficiency among women of gestational age in developing and industrialized nations.

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 59%

Delayed Neurobehavioral Development in Children Born to Pregnant Women with Mild Hypothyroxinemia During the First Month of Gestation: The Importance of Early Iodine Supplementation

Berbel

Mestre

Santamaría

et al. 2009

Thyroid

334

243

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For this reason, it appears difficult to derive a reference value for a UI concentration during pregnancy and lactation from the data collected in countries with no ID, because this value varies from 800 mg l 21 in Chile 39 to 138 mg l 21 in Switzerland 43 , where the median UI in the general population is barely above the lower limit of normal. In Iran, where ID has been successfully eliminated 55 , the median UI concentration of pregnant women in four cities was found to vary from 186 to 403 mg l 21 (see paper by Azizi, this issue) and was roughly the same as values found in the general population in the same cities 56 . The values recorded in Iran during pregnancy are of the same order of magnitude .…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

Iodine requirements during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period and indicators of optimal iodine nutrition

Delange

2007

Public Health Nutr.

173

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: This paper re-evaluates the requirements for iodine during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period, and formulates original proposals for the median concentrations of urinary iodine (UI) that indicate optimal iodine nutrition during these three critical periods of life. This paper also discusses the measurements that are used to explore thyroid functions during the same periods. Design: An extensive and critical review of the literature on thyroid physiopathology during the perinatal period. Setting: Human studies conducted in various regions throughout the world. Subjects: Pregnant women, lactating women, and newborns. Results: The following proposals are made after extensive review of the literature: the requirement for iodine by the mother during pregnancy is 250-300 mg day -1 ; during lactation the requirement is 225-350 mg day -1 ; and during the neonatal period the requirement of the infant is 90 mg day -1 . The median UI that indicates an optimal iodine nutrition during these three periods should be in the range of 150-230 mg day -1 . These figures are higher than recommended to date by the international agencies. Conclusions: Pregnant women and young infants, but especially the second group, are more sensitive to the effects of an iodine deficiency (ID) than the general population because their serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine are increased and decreased, respectively, for degrees of ID that do not seem to affect thyroid function in the general population. Systematic neonatal thyroid screening using primary TSH could be the most sensitive indicator to monitor the process of ID control.

show abstract

“…The recommended amount is 150µg/day for adults, 200µg for pregnant or lactating women, and lower amounts for children [6]. Urinary iodine was found to be significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy compared with controls [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Urine Iodine Levels in Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnant Women

Gülaboğlu

Borekci

Delibaş

2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this study was to investigate the urine iodine concentration in women with severe preeclampsia and in healthy women in Erzurum, Turkey. Urine specimens were obtained from 40 severe preeclampsia and 18 healthy pregnant women. Urinary iodine levels were determined by the Foss method based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The urinary iodine level for women with severe preeclampsia was 4.25 +/- 2.7 microg/dL, lower than 20.89 +/- 6.4 microg/dL of urinary iodine for healthy pregnant women (p < 0.001). Blood magnesium concentration was found to be 1.63 +/- 0.05 mg/dL for women with severe preeclampsia, which is lower than that of healthy pregnant women (1.87 +/- 0.05 mg/dL; p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between urinary iodine level and blood magnesium level in pregnant women with preeclampsia (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.43; p < 0.01). However, there was no correlation between urinary iodine level and blood magnesium level in healthy pregnant women. There was no difference in thyroid hormone levels (T4, TSH, FT4) between women with severe preeclampsia and healthy pregnant women. However, there was a difference in T3 thyroid hormone levels between women with severe preeclampsia (1.86 +/- 0.4 microg/dL) and healthy pregnant women (1.45 +/- 0.3 microg/dL; p < 0.001). There was also a difference in FT3 between women with severe preeclampsia (2.77 +/- 0.4 pg/mL) and healthy pregnant women (2.41 +/- 0.5 microg/dL; p < 0.01). Urinary iodine excretion is currently the most convenient laboratory marker of iodine deficiency. The method is useful for the rapid and low-cost assessment of iodine deficiency. Our results suggested that urinary iodine concentration might be a useful marker for prediagnosing preeclamptic women. In addition, iodine supplementation may also be considered for preeclamptic therapy.

show abstract

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Cited by 52 publications

References 13 publications

Delayed Neurobehavioral Development in Children Born to Pregnant Women with Mild Hypothyroxinemia During the First Month of Gestation: The Importance of Early Iodine Supplementation

Delayed Neurobehavioral Development in Children Born to Pregnant Women with Mild Hypothyroxinemia During the First Month of Gestation: The Importance of Early Iodine Supplementation

Iodine requirements during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period and indicators of optimal iodine nutrition

Urine Iodine Levels in Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnant Women

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About